Early Trace of the Current Hypothesis Test: Graunt (1662), Arbuthnott (1710) and Sagravesande (1712)

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1054-1061
Author(s):  
Cristina Camúñez Díaz ◽  
◽  
Consuelo Borrero Gallego ◽  
Ana Soltero Díaz ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Proof ◽  
Hypothesis Test ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
City Of London ◽  
The City ◽  
Theoretical Foundations ◽  
Over Time

The hypothesis test, as today we understand, are born in the first decades of the twentieth century, with the work of Fisher, on the one hand, and Neyman and Pearson, on the other, which were developed from antagonistic philosophical positions, which they have been maintained over time. But for two centuries before there were attempts to endorse assumptions made from reality with the available data. Thus, from the accounts mortality weekly published the City of London, John Graunt (1662) he believed prove that “the unhealthiest years are less fertile” (exists in time a negative correlation between the annual number of burials and the birth), while John Arbuthnott (paper read in 1711 and published in 1712), gave “Arguments for Divine Providence” and sGravesande a mathematical proof that “God directs what happens in the world”, in both cases, from the regular rate of births of men and women. Although the theoretical foundations of these works are of dubious rigor, proposals are ingenious and nearby, in some respects, what we do today when we perform a hypothesis test. This paper analyzes in detail the early contributions of these three authors by looking at what it looks like now and pointing out the mistakes made by them.

Women and Men: 1760–1960

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Private Sphere ◽  
German History ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Separate Spheres ◽  
The One ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Welfare State

This article is about the power of a norm and its mutation over time: the gender role division of the private nuclear family composed of a male provider and protector, and his dependent children and homemaker wife. Those roles corresponded to rigid distinctions that were made between a male public world of work, money, and politics, on the one hand, and a female private sphere of reproduction and nurturance, on the other. These were prescribed ideals of gender. However, as such, the ideals have had tremendous power, shaping personal identity and the daily lives of men and women, as well as influencing the development of the state, civil society, politics, and the economy, according to a vast and growing scholarship. This article highlights the powerful role played by the norm of separate spheres over two centuries of German history along with the development of civil society and the welfare state.

scholarly journals The Ambiguities of ‘Sustainable’ Berlin

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ares Kalandides ◽  
Boris Grésillon
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Planning ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
City Marketing ◽  
Target Groups ◽  
Sustainable City ◽  
Sustainable Planning ◽  
Environmental Limits ◽  
The One ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time

City Marketing has a strong tradition in Berlin, with two organisations, Berlin Partner and Visit Berlin, responsible for designing and implementing relevant strategies. Sustainability has been on and off the city marketing agenda, almost exclusively in its environmental dimension. In this article we examine the current representations of Berlin as a “sustainable city” in the official City Marketing strategies. We look at how sustainability is used and instrumentalized to create a specific city profile, and also to attract particular target groups in tourism. We propose an analysis of sustainable planning in Berlin since reunification, to show how it has moved into different directions over time and how this has (or has not) been followed by City Marketing. In this endeavour we move between the existing, and as we argue deeper and more sophisticated, environmental planning of the city on the one hand, and the reductions and simplifications of City Marketing representations on the other. Finally, we argue that there are inherent contradictions in marketing a sustainable city, where both in terms of tourism and economic development, the concept of growth seems to be reaching environmental limits.

https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/uwp/whis/2020/00000030/00000002/art00001

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph A. Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Social Attitudes ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Printed Books ◽  
The World ◽  
City Of London ◽  
The City

The surviving will of William Gefferey (1503), a successful haberdasher with roots in the lordship of Gower, casts rare light on the world of a well-travelled merchant who established himself in the Barnstaple area of north Devon and in the city of London, while remaining conscious of his south Wales heriage to his dying day. It reflects his social attitudes and charitable instincts, while his gifts of printed books to churches in Swansea and north Devon suggest a cultivated person. He is to be numbered among the Welsh diaspora that gathered momentum in post-conquest Wales.

Women and ICTs in the Arab World

2008 ◽  
pp. 3817-3820
Author(s):  
Mohamed El Louadi ◽  
Andrea Everard
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Arab Women ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The World ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
The One

The digital divide manifests itself on the one hand in the lag in Arab world nations vis-à-vis other more developed countries and on the other hand in the existing inequalities between men and women. Although the United Nations and the World Bank publish a variety of reports on the differences between developed and developing nations, very little data is available to fully grasp the meaning of the gap between genders. In terms of information and communication technologies (ICTs), there are two distinct gaps that need to be recognized: the gap between Arab men and Arab women and the gap between Arab women and women from other nations around the world (Figure 1). Much differs in the lives of men and women. For decades, researchers have published comparative reports, attempting to explain what distinguishes men and women in socio-professional environments. According to Meyers-Levy (1989) men tend to be more comfortable with ICTs and partake more often in gaming and programming. When they use computers, women are more inclined to use them as communication tools. Given women’s presumed lack of experience with technology, their upbringing which is different from men’s, and that the studies they most often pursue are not technology-oriented, it is not surprising that women are generally less inclined to adopt new technologies. Those who nonetheless have tried their hand at browsing the Web were either witness to or victims of offensive language used during interactive discussion sessions; in some cases, they were harassed via e-mail. In order to avoid this unpleasantness, some women assumed male aliases (Herring, 2003). However, since 2000, when men and women reached parity in Web use (Rickert & Sacharow, 2000), it would appear that using the Internet is presently no more intimidating for females than for males. An abundance of other differences between men and women exist. The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) acknowledged that there does not exist a society in which women benefit from the same opportunities as men. Everywhere in the world, women are poorer, less educated, and less valued than men. These and other inequalities reduce women’s ability to take advantage of the potential benefits of ICTs and to consequently contribute to their nation’s economic and social development which is in fact facilitated by these same technologies.

Using Information Communication Technology to Decentralize City Marketing

2011 ◽  
pp. 357-378
Author(s):  
Bantu L. Morolong
Keyword(s):  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Information Communication Technologies ◽  
Information Communication ◽  
City Marketing ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Key Stakeholders ◽  
The World ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time

This chapter introduces the reader to the idea of city marketing. This idea has developed over time, globally, as cities continue to grow rapidly. The chapter assesses how city marketing as a concept and a practice has generally developed with particular reference to Botswana, Southern Africa. Using evidence from documented material this chapter critically reviews city marketing as perceived and applied by planners and policy makers. The chapter looks at how Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) can be used to market cities such as Gaborone, the capital city of Botswana. Literature and experiences from other parts of the world are used to underscore city growth as a serious development issue. City dwellers are identified as key stakeholders in city marketing because they have a more permanent association with the city in contrast to those who come into the city to visit or for business, tourism, and other purposes.

‘These Acres of Print’: Charles Dickens, the News and the Novel as Pattern

2020 ◽  
pp. 26-58
Author(s):  
Jessica R. Valdez
Keyword(s):  
Charles Dickens ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Reading Public ◽  
Serial Output ◽  
Benedict Anderson ◽  
Serial Publication ◽  
City Of London ◽  
The City ◽  
Serial Fiction ◽  
Over Time

While Benedict Anderson has argued that newspapers enable readers to imagine national community, Charles Dickens’s writings are attentive to the varying ways that the newspaper press might shape, inhibit, or fragment community through its uncontrolled production of miscellaneous content and matter. This first chapter shows the growing distinction that Dickens drew between fiction and nonfiction, novel and newspaper, in his communal visions for serial publication. Early Dickens characterised the newspaper press as a meteorological force of destruction, a thunderstorm threatening to engulf the city of London, yet continually produced to meet the endless public appetite for more news. Over the course of his career, Dickens experimented with other metaphors for the working of serial narrative and its influence on a reading public. From an intangible creature telling stories to a weaver at his loom, Dickens encourages readers to see the instance of a particular serial output linked to its larger structure over time. In doing so, he privileges the power of serial fiction to cultivate new ways of envisioning community.

Women and ICTs in the Arab World

2011 ◽  
pp. 1230-1237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed El Louadi ◽  
Andrea Everard
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Arab Women ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The World ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
The One

The digital divide manifests itself on the one hand in the lag in Arab world nations vis-à-vis other more developed countries and on the other hand in the existing inequalities between men and women. Although the United Nations and the World Bank publish a variety of reports on the differences between developed and developing nations, very little data is available to fully grasp the meaning of the gap between genders. In terms of information and communication technologies (ICTs), there are two distinct gaps that need to be recognized: the gap between Arab men and Arab women and the gap between Arab women and women from other nations around the world (Figure 1). Much differs in the lives of men and women. For decades, researchers have published comparative reports, attempting to explain what distinguishes men and women in socio-professional environments. According to Meyers-Levy (1989) men tend to be more comfortable with ICTs and partake more often in gaming and programming. When they use computers, women are more inclined to use them as communication tools. Given women’s presumed lack of experience with technology, their upbringing which is different from men’s, and that the studies they most often pursue are not technology-oriented, it is not surprising that women are generally less inclined to adopt new technologies. Those who nonetheless have tried their hand at browsing the Web were either witness to or victims of offensive language used during interactive discussion sessions; in some cases, they were harassed via e-mail. In order to avoid this unpleasantness, some women assumed male aliases (Herring, 2003). However, since 2000, when men and women reached parity in Web use (Rickert & Sacharow, 2000), it would appear that using the Internet is presently no more intimidating for females than for males. An abundance of other differences between men and women exist. The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) acknowledged that there does not exist a society in which women benefit from the same opportunities as men. Everywhere in the world, women are poorer, less educated, and less valued than men. These and other inequalities reduce women’s ability to take advantage of the potential benefits of ICTs and to consequently contribute to their nation’s economic and social development which is in fact facilitated by these same technologies.

Feigned Insanity

1872 ◽  
Vol 18 (82) ◽  
pp. 232-233
Keyword(s):  
Annual Report ◽  
The World ◽  
City Of London ◽  
The City

In the Annual Report of the City of London Asylum, Dr. Jepson mentions a case which proves, at any rate, that there are worse places in the world than county asylums, in the opinion of one who had some experience of life in them:—

scholarly journals Issuances of Automotive Vehicles and the Impacts on Air Quality in the Largest City in the Brazilian Amazon

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 4091 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Cartaxo ◽  
Ilsa Valois ◽  
Vladimiro Miranda ◽  
Marcia Costa
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
World Health ◽  
Sampling Locations ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time

Manaus, a city of more than two million people, suffers problems arising from strong sunlight and aggravated by several factors, such as traffic congestion and greenhouse gas emissions generated by evaporation and burning of fuel. The present study examined Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) emissions in an urban area of the city using different methodologies. CO and NO2 were measured using automated and passive analyzers, respectively. Meanwhile, direct monitoring of these pollutants was performed in vehicular sources in the vicinity of sampling locations. Results showed that levels of carbon monoxide vary over time, being higher during peak movement of vehicles. NO2 values have exceeded the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO), and monitoring at source showed high levels of CO and NO2 emissions to the atmosphere.

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