Women and Men: 1760–1960

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Private Sphere ◽  
German History ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Separate Spheres ◽  
The One ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Welfare State

This article is about the power of a norm and its mutation over time: the gender role division of the private nuclear family composed of a male provider and protector, and his dependent children and homemaker wife. Those roles corresponded to rigid distinctions that were made between a male public world of work, money, and politics, on the one hand, and a female private sphere of reproduction and nurturance, on the other. These were prescribed ideals of gender. However, as such, the ideals have had tremendous power, shaping personal identity and the daily lives of men and women, as well as influencing the development of the state, civil society, politics, and the economy, according to a vast and growing scholarship. This article highlights the powerful role played by the norm of separate spheres over two centuries of German history along with the development of civil society and the welfare state.

The Daily Life of the Poor

2012 ◽  
pp. 187-225
Author(s):  
Tirtsah Levie Bernfeld
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Community ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
Poor Relief ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Private Charity ◽  
The One

This chapter highlights the various aspects of the daily lives of the poor. In Amsterdam, the poor among the Portuguese Jewish community ranged from the highly educated to the illiterate. On the one hand there were those whose sense of honour debarred them from asking for poor relief, and on the other there were those described as inveterate beggars. There were men and women; large, complete families and fragmented units; and there were people left completely on their own. Some were healthy or young or both, others old or sick or both, with all sorts of variations between them. Many applied for poor relief no more than occasionally; others relied permanently on outside help. The poor relief provided by the Portuguese community constituted no more than a supplement to income from work, private funds, and legacies, and help from friends, relatives, private charity, and other sources. Sephardi Jews who had no access to these sources, or who missed out in other ways, found themselves forced to seek their fortune elsewhere sooner or later.

The Rebel Academy: Modernity and the Movement for a University in Princely Baroda, 1908–49

2002 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 919-947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manu Bhagavan
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Public Sphere ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Private Sphere ◽  
Internal Space ◽  
The Public ◽  
Partha Chatterjee ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
The One ◽  
Indian Male

In recent analyses of nationalism in colonial South Asia, Partha Chatterjee and Tanika Sarkar, among others, have argued that as a result of colonial domination in the “public sphere”—the realm of the state and civil society—Indian male nationalists deployed the “private sphere”—the realm of the home—as the discursive site of anticolonial nationalist imaginaries. The internal space of the home was “the one sphere where improvement could be made through [Indian men's] own initiative, changes could be wrought, where education would bring forth concrete, manipulable, desired results” (Sarkar 1992, 224; Chatterjee 1989) and it therefore took on “compensatory significance” in the experience of modernity in India (Chakrabarty 2000, 215–18).

Civil society from a historical perspective

2004 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
JU¨RGEN KOCKA
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Private Sphere ◽  
Short History ◽  
Middle Classes ◽  
The Public ◽  
History Of ◽  
Transnational Civil Society ◽  
Over Time

In many languages, the concept of ‘Civil society’ has had an astonishing career over the last 10 to 15 years, in disciplines such as history and sociology as well as with the public at large. This article presents a short history of the concept, offers a definition and explores the reasons for its popularity by identifying its conceptual ‘opponents’, which have changed over time. It discusses the changing relations between civil society, the market economy, government and the private sphere. It deals with the affinity between civil society and the middle classes in some areas and periods. It finally explores the trends and limits of the emergence of a transnational civil society in Europe. It is an overview that deals with the present problems from a historical perspective.

scholarly journals Longitudinal Evidence that Experience with Anonymous Interactions Reduces Intuitive Cooperation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H.B. McAuliffe ◽  
Daniel Eric Forster ◽  
Eric J. Pedersen ◽  
Michael E. McCullough
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Study Session ◽  
The Social ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
The One ◽  
Over Time

Why would people pay costs to deliver benefits to anonymous strangers in one-shot interactions? The Social Heuristics Hypothesis (SHH) claims that cooperation is intuitive because it is positively reinforced in everyday life, where behavior typically has reputational consequences. Consequently, participants will cooperate in anonymous laboratory settings unless they either reflect on the one-shot nature of the interaction or learn through experience with such settings that cooperation does not promote self-interest. Experiments reveal that cognitive-processing manipulations (which increase reliance on either intuition or deliberation) indeed affect cooperation, but may also introduce confounds. Here, we elide the interpretation issues created by between-subjects designs in showing that people are less cooperative over time in laboratory paradigms in which cooperation cannot promote self-interest, but are just as cooperative over time in paradigms that have the potential to promote self-interest. Contrary to previous findings, we find that cooperation is equally intuitive for men and women: Unilateral giving did not differ across gender at the first study session, and decreased equally for both genders across sessions.

Damned for God’s Glory: William James and the Scientific Vindication of Protestant Culture

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Hollinger
Keyword(s):  
Religious Experience ◽  
Community Of Inquiry ◽  
William James ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pivotal Point ◽  
Separate Spheres ◽  
Entire Career ◽  
The One ◽  
Over Time

This chapter interprets William James' entire career in the light of his affinity with the liberal Protestant elite of his time and place on the one hand, and his devotion to the calling of modern science on the other. It takes seriously his many references in Pragmatism to religious searching and indeed to “salvation,” so often left out of account by secular students of his thought. It reads Varieties of Religious Experience as the pivotal point in James' turn from a “separate spheres” defense of religion to an effort to mobilize a community of inquiry willing to test religious claims by experience. Against scholars who prefer to read James' corpus as a synchronic whole, the chapter shows that the meaning of his various works is best grasped when his career is approached diachronically, with each text analyzed according to the stage it marks in the development over time of his preoccupation with religion's relation to science.

Early Trace of the Current Hypothesis Test: Graunt (1662), Arbuthnott (1710) and Sagravesande (1712)

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1054-1061
Author(s):  
Cristina Camúñez Díaz ◽  
◽  
Consuelo Borrero Gallego ◽  
Ana Soltero Díaz ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Proof ◽  
Hypothesis Test ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
City Of London ◽  
The City ◽  
Theoretical Foundations ◽  
Over Time

The hypothesis test, as today we understand, are born in the first decades of the twentieth century, with the work of Fisher, on the one hand, and Neyman and Pearson, on the other, which were developed from antagonistic philosophical positions, which they have been maintained over time. But for two centuries before there were attempts to endorse assumptions made from reality with the available data. Thus, from the accounts mortality weekly published the City of London, John Graunt (1662) he believed prove that “the unhealthiest years are less fertile” (exists in time a negative correlation between the annual number of burials and the birth), while John Arbuthnott (paper read in 1711 and published in 1712), gave “Arguments for Divine Providence” and sGravesande a mathematical proof that “God directs what happens in the world”, in both cases, from the regular rate of births of men and women. Although the theoretical foundations of these works are of dubious rigor, proposals are ingenious and nearby, in some respects, what we do today when we perform a hypothesis test. This paper analyzes in detail the early contributions of these three authors by looking at what it looks like now and pointing out the mistakes made by them.

Correspondances étymologiques, lexicales et sémantiques dans le processus de féminisation de noms de profession, métiers et activités dans les sociétés française et roumaine

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-422
Author(s):  
Estelle Variot
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Roman World ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Over Time

"Etymological, Lexical and Semantic Correspondences in the Process of Feminization of Professional Names, Trades and Activities in French and Romanian Societies. The feminization of thought represented by language and of its varieties in the Roman World has allowed to highlight some convergences that come from a common linguistic heritage, often from Greek and Latin and some hesitation about adapting society to its realities. The feminization of some words which comes from an ancient process illustrates on the one hand the potential of the language and on the other hand some constraints sometimes linked to the society itself, which creates transitional periods, between matching grammatical correction and the evolution of linguistic uses over time. The possibilities of lexical enrichment (internal creation or loan) show the means available in French and Romanian and some convergences in the area of derivation, of lexical units and their etymologies. The grammatical perspective and word constructing methods make it possible to give keys for the feminization of names of trades or professions. Likewise, recording entries in the lexicon, their evolution, their assimilation or sometimes their forgetfulness, for the benefit of new constructions highlight the existence of objective and subjective criteria which teach us a lot about society as a whole. Keywords: feminization of professions, internal and external enrichment, suffixal match, use of words, grammar, lexicon, French and Romanian."

Land Warfare

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Tuck
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Modern System ◽  
The One ◽  
Over Time

This chapter charts the key developments in European land warfare since 1900. On the one hand, it is possible to identify overarching explanatory ideas, metanarratives, that can be used to identify continuities in development over time across Europe’s armies. These include the concept of ‘modern system’ land warfare and the ‘transformation paradigm’. However, as this chapter also shows, these two points of continuity do not mean either that European armies are homogenous, or that their conceptual assumptions are uncontested. European land warfare remains a heterogeneous phenomenon, shaped by the variety in national contexts and by contending debates on how appropriate Europe’s armies are to the actual challenges of contemporary and future armed conflict.

Mary Wollstonecraft and Freedom as Independence

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lena Halldenius
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Mary Wollstonecraft ◽  
Social Standing ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Moral Subject ◽  
The Individual

This chapter demonstrates how Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–97) uses feminist principles to modify and adapt the republican ideal of freedom as the absence of domination or dependence. It shows that, according to Wollstonecraft, freedom consists in the secure entitlement to act in accordance with the dictates of reason—a freedom that depends upon the possession of a certain social standing and the absence of a dominating master. Crucially, according to this chapter, freedom from domination is relational: it bestows a special status on the moral subject in relation to others. Freedom from subjugation thus gives the individual a certain empowerment, or certain entitlement, with respect to other members of society. The chapter ends by showing how Wollstonecraft takes this idea to its logical feminist conclusion: a call for the equal rights of men and women in civil society.

The First Half of the Twentieth Century

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Gillespie
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Management ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Chemical Pollution ◽  
Freshwater Conservation ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
The Welfare State

The years between 1900 and 1945 were very difficult for humanity. In this period, not only were there two world wars to survive but also some of the worst parts of the social, economic, and environmental challenges of sustainable development all began to make themselves felt. The one area in which progress was made was in the social context, in which the rights of workers and the welfare state expanded. The idea of ‘development’, especially for the developing world, also evolved in this period. In the economic arena, the world went up, and then crashed in the Great Depression, producing negative results that were unprecedented. In environmental terms, positive templates were created for some habitat management, some wildlife law, and parts of freshwater conservation. Where there was not so much success was with regard to air and chemical pollution.

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