THE JUDICIAL WORK OF THE CAERNARFONSHIRE QUARTER SESSIONS DURING THE MID-NINETEENTH CENTURY

The article portrays elements of life in Caernarfonshire for the period 1855 to 1865 as reflected in the files and Order Books of the county's Quarter Sessions. The study is confined to one decade and this made possible a systematic analysis of all the cases and administrative duties of the Caernarfonshire Quarter Sessions during these years. The years chosen form part of an era described by Ieuan Gwynedd Jones as 'distinctive':2 years of progress, population movement and growing 'respectability'. He speaks of a society 'fractured and uneasy with itself'.3 Trends in convictions, causes and types of crime, perpetrators and the attitude of magistrates and the public all play their part in building a picture of a community.

YR APÊL AT FELIX: AGWEDDAU AR HANESYDDIAETH R. T. JENKINS (1881–1969)

Edrychir yma ar y defnydd a wnaeth R. T. Jenkins o ffilm gartwŵn i esbonio agwedd briodol y presennol tuag at y gorffennol yn ei ysgrif 'Yr apêl at hanes' yn 1924, gan ddadlau bod y dewis yn codi cwestiynau ehangach am egwyddorion hanesyddiaeth yr awdur. Drwy ystyried pwyslais Jenkins ar gyfyngiadau hanes a'r technegau a ddefnyddiodd yn ei waith ehangach, ceisir dangos bod y lle canolog a roddai i'r paradocsaidd a'r gwrthreddfol a'i amharodrwydd i gynysgaeddu disgyblaeth hanes ag unrhyw werth gwrthrychol yn tarddu o ddau amcan. Y naill oedd ei ddymuniad i weld proffesiynoli disgyblaeth hanes (a hanes Cymru yn fwyaf penodol) heb arddel unrhyw fydolwg 'mecanyddol' am y natur ddynol. Y llall oedd ei bryder am y defnydd ideolegol a wneid o'r gorffennol yn enw awdurdod gwleidyddol, crefyddol a diwylliannol.

A MYNACH BY ANY OTHER NAME . . . : THE ANTHROPONYMY OF THE WELSH CISTERCIANS, c.1300–1540

This paper analyses the forenames and 'surnames' of over 600 monks associated with Cistercian abbeys in Wales between c .1300 and c.1540 in an attempt to determine what these names can reveal about the ethnic identities or identifications of their individual bearers and of their respective houses. The names are compared with those of white monks and other religious in England during the same period, as well as with naming patterns among the laity of contemporary Wales and England. The names of the brethren at different monasteries could vary significantly, and it is argued that this was a result partly of the stronger Welsh identity of the monks at certain Cistercian houses, but was also because the practice of adopting 'monastic bynames' – common at monasteries in late medieval England – was followed at some Welsh abbeys but not all.

HISTORICAL CONNECTIONS BETWEEN JESUS COLLEGE, OXFORD, AND LLANDYSUL IN CEREDIGION: INSIGHTS FROM THE COLLEGE ARCHIVE

Jesus College, a constituent college of the University of Oxford, was founded in 1571 by Elizabeth I. The college has benefitted from parish patronages, with the right of advowsons, which have assisted the college's development. By the middle of the nineteenth century, the college held twenty such advowsons, including a relationship with Llandysul parish in Ceredigion (Cardiganshire) that was established in 1680 and survived until 1944. This study uses the college archive to provide an initial investigation into the historical connections before and since 1680, so raising awareness of the historical link with Llandysul and providing a framework for future research.

IMAGINED WAR: SPY SCARES, FEARS OF INVASION AND AERIAL ATTACK IN PEMBROKESHIRE DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR

Civilian perspectives of the First World War were a combination of lived experiences and fears. In Pembrokeshire, which was remote from the conflict and was not likely to be attacked, fears were fed by pre-war invasion literature, coupled with an awareness of invasions in the past. Public unease and anxiety in the early months of the war manifested themselves in a belief in imaginary attacks, 'spy mania', stories and rumours. Zeppelin fears were stoked by press reports of attacks on London and the south-east of England. The U-boat campaign off the Pembrokeshire coast from March 1915 was a reminder of the proximity of danger and juxtaposed real with imaginary fears.

PERROT, PIRATES AND PARISIAN GROCERS: SIR JOHN PERROT, COURT FACTION, JURISDICTIONAL CONFLICT AND THE AFFAIR OF THE PETER AND PAUL

The Marseilles ship, the Peter and Paul, became the object of a bitter dispute that internationalized an incident involving the royal courts of England, France, Portugal and Spain. At the time it was something of a cause célèbre that preoccupied the court, Privy Council and High Court of Admiralty. The significance of the ship's detention lies not so much in the incident itself but in the events surrounding it and the light it sheds on competing and conflicting jurisdictions involving the Westminster and Dublin governments. It reveals much about the bitter factionalism at the royal court which involved the Pembrokeshire magnate Sir John Perrot and Walter Devereux, earl of Essex.

TOURISM PROMOTION IN NINETEENTHCENTURY WALES: IMAGE DEVELOPMENT AND MARKETING ON THE CAMBRIAN COAST

This article examines how small seaside towns in Meirionnydd and Caernarfonshire positioned themselves to benefit from increased tourism during the nineteenth century, and it shows how an image was developed for the region as a whole. Based on romantic scenery, this image evolved and was sensitive to growing emphasis on comfortable accommodation, changing attitudes to health, family and recreation and to local concerns for propriety and respectability. It illustrates how local and regional marketing was linked to the railway network and provides insight into the way in which a range of interests worked together to challenge larger resorts elsewhere for a share of the growing tourism market in the nineteenth century.

BASINGWERK ABBEY (FLINTS.) AND ITS FOUNDERS: AN EARL, A KING AND A PRINCE*

The founding of Basingwerk Abbey by Ranulf earl of Chester in the early 1130s was important for consolidating his newly-inherited authority in Tegeingl, a territory contested by both Anglo-Norman and Welsh lords. At the lower end of the Greenfield valley, its very location in an enclosure associated with kings of Mercia delivered a powerful message to English settlers, but the sentiments of the native Welsh were also addressed by the promotion of the cult (albeit probably 'invented') of St Gwenfrewi, centred on a well at the top of the valley. Changes in political control later in the century provided opportunities for Henry II and princes of both Gwynedd and Powys to become patrons of a house which exemplified cultural interchange.