scholarly journals ¿Sin libertad hay ciudadanía? El ejercicio de la participación formal de la ciudadanía de las personas privadas de libertad en Costa Rica

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Jesús Sáenz Solís ◽  
Dioni Nicole Céspedes Bolaños ◽  
Sebastián Barquero Zuñiga
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo entender cómo se practica la participación ciudadana desde la privación de libertad y cuáles son los mecanismos formales identificados por el ordenamiento jurídico, así como sus limitaciones y alcances. Se propone reconstruir los principales elementos que muestran la evolución del acceso a la participación ciudadana formal de las personas privadas de libertad en Costa Rica. La metodología utilizada fue el análisis de datos de las elecciones presidenciales desde que se permitió el voto de dicha población (1998) y hasta el año 2018. Además, se muestran datos de otro tipo de actividades, como el referendum del año 2007 y el uso de herramientas jurídicas como los amparos electorales presentados en función de garantizar los derechos políticos en las cárceles. Por otro lado, la discusión gira en torno al  ejercicio de la participación ciudadana como  uno de los temas que cuenta con un mayor acervo investigativo en las Ciencias Sociales, el cual, sin embargo, ha sido poco explorado en el contexto de poblaciones en altas condiciones de vulnerabilidad como lo son las personas privadas de libertad. Por lo tanto, entre los hallazgos se muestran bajos niveles de participación y se presupone la existencia de importantes limitaciones no en el acceso como tal, sino en los elementos que permiten hacer efectivos los derechos. Se concluye que las garantías que poseen la población penal en esta materia constituyen un desafío para las autoridades, en términos del ejercicio de la ciudadanía y el respaldo normativo nacional e internacional. 

Identification of Maize Rayado Fino Virus by Immunoelectron Microscopy

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 636-637
Author(s):  
O. E. Bradfute
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Far North ◽  
Maize Rayado Fino Virus ◽  
Antibody Coating

Maize rayado fino virus (MRFV) causes a severe disease of corn (Zea mays) in many locations throughout the neotropics and as far north as southern U.S. MRFV particles detected by direct electron microscopy of negatively stained sap from infected leaves are not necessarily distinguishable from many other small isometric viruses infecting plants (Fig. 1).Immunosorbent trapping of virus particles on antibody-coated grids and the antibody coating or decoration of trapped virus particles, was used to confirm the identification of MRFV. Antiserum to MRFV was supplied by R. Gamez (Centro de Investigacion en Biologia Celular y Molecular, Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria, Costa Rica).Virus particles, appearing as a continuous lawn, were trapped on grids coated with MRFV antiserum (Fig. 2-4). In contrast, virus particles were infrequently found on grids not exposed to antiserum or grids coated with normal rabbit serum (similar to Fig. 1). In Fig. 3, the appearance of the virus particles (isometric morphology, 30 nm diameter, stain penetration of some particles, and morphological subunits in other particles) is characteristic of negatively stained MRFV particles. Decoration or coating of these particles with MRFV antiserum confirms their identification as MRFV (Fig. 4).

Social representations of human rights violations: Further evidence

2001 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Clémence ◽  
Thierry Devos ◽  
Willem Doise
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Young People ◽  
Social Representations ◽  
Social Reality ◽  
Questionnaire Study ◽  
Human Rights Violations ◽  
High Tolerance ◽  
Individual Actions

Social representations of human rights violations were investigated in a questionnaire study conducted in five countries (Costa Rica, France, Italy, Romania, and Switzerland) (N = 1239 young people). We were able to show that respondents organize their understanding of human rights violations in similar ways across nations. At the same time, systematic variations characterized opinions about human rights violations, and the structure of these variations was similar across national contexts. Differences in definitions of human rights violations were identified by a cluster analysis. A broader definition was related to critical attitudes toward governmental and institutional abuses of power, whereas a more restricted definition was rooted in a fatalistic conception of social reality, approval of social regulations, and greater tolerance for institutional infringements of privacy. An atypical definition was anchored either in a strong rejection of social regulations or in a strong condemnation of immoral individual actions linked with a high tolerance for governmental interference. These findings support the idea that contrasting definitions of human rights coexist and that these definitions are underpinned by a set of beliefs regarding the relationships between individuals and institutions.

Prevalence and geographic distribution of haemophilia in Costa Rica

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (S 01) ◽  
pp. S28-S31 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Arroyo ◽  
L. Salazar-Sánchez ◽  
G. Jiménez-Cruz ◽  
P. Chaverri ◽  
E. Arrieta-Bolaños ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Coagulation Factors ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Many ◽  
Low Prevalence

SummaryHaemophilia is the most frequent hereditary haemorrhagic illness and it is due to the deficiency of coagulation factors VIII (haemophilia A, HA) or IX (haemophilia B, HB).The prevalence of this disease varies according to the country, those having better survival rates having also higher prevalences. Specifically in Costa Rica, there are around 130 HA and 30 HB families. This study reports the prevalence and a spatial distribution analysis of both types of the disease in this country. The prevalence of haemophilia in this country is 7 cases per 100 000 men, for HA it is 6 cases per 100 000 and for HB it is 1 case per 100 000 male inhabitants. The prevalence of this disease is low when compared with other populations. This low prevalence could be due to the many patients that have died because of infection with human immunodeficiency virus during the 1980s. The prevalence of haemophilia in Costa Rica is almost one half of that present in developed countries. Nevertheless, the ratio between HA and HB follows world tendency: 5 : 1. In this study, nationwide geographical distribution maps were drawn in order to visualize the origin of severe cases and how this influences the pattern of distribution for both types of haemophilia. By means of these maps, it was possible to state that there is no association between the sites of maximum prevalence of mutated alleles and ethnicity. With this study, haemophilia prevalence distribution maps can be used to improve efforts for the establishment of hemophilia clinics or specialized health centers in those areas which hold the highest prevalences in this country. Also, this knowledge can be applied to improve treatment skills and offer the possibility of developing focused genetic counseling for these populations.

Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica: A unique opportunity to drill and instrument the seismogenic zone of large megathrust earthquakes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marino Protti ◽  
◽  
Nathan Bangs ◽  
Peter Baumgartner ◽  
Donald Fisher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Seismogenic Zone ◽  
Osa Peninsula ◽  
Megathrust Earthquakes
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