Correlational Analysis of Physical Fitness by Norm Referenced and Criterion Referenced Standards

Purpose The purpose of this research is to examine a downstream social marketing program that slows the typical decline in functional fitness and independence of adults over 55 with particular attention to the ROI and the efficiency of the program. Design/methodology/approach Within subjects quasi-experimental design. Findings The ExerStart program is cost-efficient and effective delivering an ROI of 33 per cent. The participants of the ExerStart social marketing program significantly improved functional fitness. Further, this program demonstrates that this result may be achieved with just four exercises rather than six. Practical implications A successful, cost-effective, high-retention social marketing program is outlined for social marketers who aim to increase the functional fitness and independence of adults over 55 years. Social implications Two societal benefits, the first is that it provides direction about how to efficiently prolong the independence of adults over 55 years, and the second is that it decreases pressure and costs on the healthcare system. This may be useful for policy makers and social marketers alike. Originality/value The authors contribute to the literature in two important ways. First, this paper details a cost-effective intervention that improves the physical fitness of a significant and growing portion of the community and suggests additional considerations for future ROI calculations. Second, this paper contributes methodologically by introducing the senior fitness test (a new criterion-referenced clinically relevant physical fitness standard specifically developed for seniors).

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Test Items and Standards Related to Body Composition on the Brockport Physical Fitness Test

Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly ◽

10.1123/apaq.22.4.356 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 356-370 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Francis X. Short ◽

Joseph P. Winnick

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Body Composition ◽

Physical Fitness ◽

Future Research ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Physical Fitness Test ◽

Fitness Test ◽

Test Items ◽

Cord Injury ◽

Criterion Referenced

This manuscript examines the validity and reliability of the tests used to measure body composition in the Brockport Physical Fitness Test. More specifically, information is provided on skinfold measures and body mass index and their applicability to youngsters with mental retardation and mild limitations in fitness, visual impairment (blindness), cerebral palsy, spinal cord injury, or congenital anomalies or amputations. The rationale for criterion-referenced standards for these test items for youngsters with these disabilities is provided along with some data on attainability of those standards. Possible ideas for future research are recommended.

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Criterion-Referenced Standards for Testing the Physical Fitness and Distance of Junior Male Golf Player

Korean Journal of Sports Science ◽

10.35159/kjss.2020.08.29.4.1169 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

pp. 1169-1182

Author(s):

Kyu-Hoon Kwak ◽

Jae-Il Choi

Keyword(s):

Physical Fitness ◽

Criterion Referenced

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A Mini Review and Evidence Based Cutoff Values with the Validation of Criterion-Referenced Standards for Sarcopenic Elderly Fitness Improvement

10.20944/preprints201810.0072.v1 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Saejong Park ◽

Soo Hyun Park ◽

Hyunseok Jee

Keyword(s):

Physical Fitness ◽

Roc Curve ◽

Scientific Evidence ◽

Exercise Program ◽

The Elderly ◽

Transitional Period ◽

Health Programs ◽

Evidence Based ◽

Cutoff Values ◽

Criterion Referenced

This study provides a newly updated perspective of information on severely screened 21 previous studies of the various measurement methods for improving physical fitness and providing determined cutoff values from our reserved elderly human database by based on the above 21 screened precious previous studies. We thus aimed to provide scientific evidence-based information regarding physical fitness standards for developing useful prognostics, promoting and maintaining health programs for sarcopenic elderly. 21 previous studies emphasizing criterion referenced standards and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analyses for improving physical fitness were screened. For predicting the prevalence of sarcopenia, the t-test, logistic regression, linear regression, ROC curve analyses and voluntary categorizations such as twentieth or sixtieth percentile classification were used. Based on these scientific evidences, we determined cutoff values from our reserved DB, and realized that 75 years for men and 70 years for women is the transitional period during which there are large declines in muscle and fat mass (p<0.01), which reflects physical function tests (p<0.01) in both genders. Using the six factors with ideal cutoff thresholds, an individual exercise program can be designed for alleviating symptoms of frailty caused by sarcopenia for the elderly.

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Passing Rates of American Children and Youth on the FITNESSGRAM Criterion-Referenced Physical Fitness Standards

Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport ◽

10.1080/02701367.1990.10608682 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 61 (3) ◽

pp. 215-223 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Marilyn A. Looney ◽

Sharon A. Plowman

Keyword(s):

Physical Fitness ◽

Children And Youth ◽

Passing Rates ◽

Criterion Referenced ◽

American Children

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Physical Fitness Testing of Children: A European Perspective

Pediatric Exercise Science ◽

10.1123/pes.8.3.201 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 201-214 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Han C.G. Kemper ◽

Willem Van Mechelen

Keyword(s):

Physical Fitness ◽

The United States ◽

Scientific Basis ◽

Fitness Testing ◽

Physiological Measurement ◽

Fitness Assessment ◽

Fitness Tests ◽

Scaling Methods ◽

Physical Fitness Testing ◽

Criterion Referenced

The purpose of this article is to clarify the scientific basis of physical fitness assessment in children and to review the European efforts to develop a EUROFIT fitness test battery for the youth in the countries of the Council of Europe. The development of EUROFIT is based on the efforts made in the United States in the 1950s and in Europe in the 1980s. Physical fitness measurement is not identical to physiological measurement: The EUROFIT tests are aimed at measuring abilities rather than skills. Correlations between physical fitness tests and physiological laboratory tests show varying results and, therefore, need to be continued. Reliability of fitness tests needs to be continually studied. Because of the multipurposes of physical fitness testing, EUROFIT norm- and criterion-referenced scales for EUROFIT have to be developed. Examples of scaling methods are given. Implementation of the EUROFIT fitness tests for educational purposes is urgently needed.

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A Close Look at the Physical Fitness Levels of Elementary Age Students with Intellectual Disabilities

Sport Science Review ◽

10.2478/v10237-011-0015-x ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 19 (3-4) ◽

pp. 19-34

Author(s):

Kathryn Davis ◽

Guili Zhang ◽

Patricia Hodson ◽

Boni Boswell ◽

James Decker

Keyword(s):

Physical Fitness ◽

Intellectual Disabilities ◽

Significant Finding ◽

Healthy Weight ◽

School Aged Children ◽

Fitness Measures ◽

Students With Intellectual Disabilities ◽

Criterion Referenced ◽

Unhealthy Weight ◽

Fitness Levels

A Close Look at the Physical Fitness Levels of Elementary Age Students with Intellectual DisabilitiesIntroduction: Little is known about the physical fitness levels of school-aged children with intellectual disabilities, when comparing groups of healthy weight and unhealthy weight. Purpose: To compare the fitness levels of healthy weight and unhealthy weight children with intellectual disabilities in three elementary schools in the southeastern United States. Methods: Four fitness measures (PACER, Modified Curl-Ups, Modified Pull-ups, and the Back-Saver Sit-and-Reach) were obtained from 26 youth (10 girls, 16 boys; 10.01 + 1.22). Additionally, fitness levels of students who were overweight/obese were statistically compared with those with healthy weights. Results: A pattern of overall low fitness levels was found in comparison to criterion-referenced standards regarding all of the fitness measures, and students who were overweight/obese performed poorly compared to those with healthy weight. The only statistically significant finding was the comparison of healthy and unhealthy weight groups on the modified pullup. Conclusions: The study suggests a strong need for adaptive physical education and active recess programs that are appropriate for developing the fitness levels of elementary students with intellectual disabilities.

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Test Items and Standards Related to Aerobic Functioning on the Brockport Physical Fitness Test

Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly ◽

10.1123/apaq.22.4.333 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 333-355 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Francis X. Short ◽

Joseph P. Winnick

Keyword(s):

Physical Fitness ◽

Spinal Cord Injuries ◽

Test Validity ◽

Future Research ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Physical Fitness Test ◽

Fitness Test ◽

Test Items ◽

Criterion Referenced ◽

Selection Of

This article describes the procedures and rationale for the selection of test items and criterion-referenced standards associated with the aerobic functioning component of the Brockport Physical Fitness Test. Validity and reliability information is provided for the 1-mile run/walk, the PACER (16-m and 20-m), and the Target Aerobic Movement Test. The relevance of these test items and standards for youngsters with mental retardation and mild limitations in fitness, visual impairments (blindness), cerebral palsy, and spinal cord injuries, and for those with congenital anomalies or amputations is highlighted. Information on the attainability of the selected standards also is provided. Possible topics for future research are suggested.

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Criterion Referenced Standards for Neurornuscular Physical Fitness Tests: An Analysis

Pediatric Exercise Science ◽

10.1123/pes.4.1.10 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 10-19 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Sharon Ann Plowman

Keyword(s):

Physical Fitness ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Expert Opinion ◽

Empirical Data ◽

Normative Data ◽

Physical Fitness Test ◽

Fitness Tests ◽

Health Related ◽

Criterion Referenced

This paper analyzes the determination of the criterion referenced standards for the neuromuscular physical fitness items (sit-ups, sit-and-reach, and pullups) typically included in health related physical fitness test batteries for children and adolescents. Criterion referenced standards should be linked to some specific status on a health criterion that represents an absolute desirable level of that characteristic. Three techniques used to determine and/or validate criterion referenced standards are discussed: the use of empirical data with an established criterion test, the use of empirical data with instructed versus uninstructed groups, and the use of normative data and expert judgment. It is concluded that the existing criterion referenced standards have been derived exclusively from normative data and expert opinion. It remains unknown as to the meaning of these standards in relation to desirable and absolute levels of health.

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