When Should One Ligate the Umbilical Cord?

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 930-930
Author(s):  
John R. Haire
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Umbilical Cord ◽  
Normal Part ◽  
Vascular Bed ◽  
Low Incidence

Having observed and photographed obstetrical techniques and practices on six continents in 1971, I am struck by the differing views of renowned physicians in the various developed and developing countries as to the relative merits of early and late clamping of the umbilical cord. While specialists in the Netherlands, a country with a low incidence of infant mortality essentially equivalent to that of Sweden, stress the importance of placental transfusion as a normal part of the physiological sequence of birth which lessens the likelihood of maternal hemorrhage and anemia in the growing child, Yao et al. in their recent paper published in the December 1971 issue of PEDIATRICS, suggest that placental transfusion causes "overloading" of the vascular bed and therefore should be avoided by early clamping.

scholarly journals Midwives and Maternal Mortality Evidence from a Midwifery Policy Experiment in 19th Century Sweden

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Lorentzon ◽  
Per Pettersson-Lidbom
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Maternal Mortality ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Effective Strategy ◽  
Policy Experiment ◽  
Exogenous Source

Abstract This paper estimates the causal effect of a historical midwifery policy experiment on maternal mortality, infant mortality, and stillbirth during the period of 1830–1894 in Sweden. Exploiting sharp changes or “discontinuities” across time and place in the availability of trained and licensed midwives as an exogenous source of variation, we find that a doubling of trained midwives led to a 20%–40% reduction in maternal mortality and a 20% increase in the uptake of midwife-assisted homebirths. The results thus suggest that a 1% increase in the share of midwife-assisted homebirths decreased maternal mortality by as much as 2%, which is a remarkable finding given that midwife training was only 6–12 months at that time. The results of this study contribute to the current debate about the most effective strategy to reduce the unacceptably high rate of maternal mortality in many developing countries, especially in low-resource settings.

scholarly journals Dementia in Developing Countries

2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Prince
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Research Group ◽  
Research Evidence ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Normal Part ◽  
Social Welfare Services ◽  
Low Profile ◽  
Dementia Research

The 10/66 Dementia Research Group (2000a) has drawn attention to the uneven distribution of research evidence worldwide; although two thirds (66%) of all persons with dementia live in developing countries, 10% or less of population-based research has been conducted in those regions. The study by Vas and colleagues on dementia in Mumbai, India, published in this issue of International Psychogeriatrics is therefore most welcome. Dementia has a very low profile in most developing countries. Families often view it as a normal part of aging, and few seek help despite experiencing significant strain (Pate1 & Prince, 2001; Shaji et al., in press). Unsurprisingly therefore it is accorded a low priority by policymakers in the developing world, and there is little sign of attention being given to the development of more responsive health care or social welfare services. Population-based research, well disseminated, can play an important role in increasing awareness at all levels of society.

Timber Pole Space Frames

1987 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pieter Huybers
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Double Layer ◽  
Steel Wire ◽  
Galvanized Steel ◽  
Shrinkage Cracks ◽  
Space Frames ◽  
University Of Technology ◽  
Engineering Department ◽  
Under Construction

Timber poles are not often used for structural purposes in building, although they are a cheap material with good mechanical qualities. This is due to the fact that the poles often suffer from shrinkage cracks, which makes it difficult to transfer the load from one element to another in a way that is structurally sound. To overcome this particular problem, in the Civil Engineering Department of the Delft University of Technology a manually operated tool has been developed with which strong and tight lacings of galvanized steel wire can be strung around the poles in order to keep them together. This principle has been applied in spatial-type structures, where larger numbers of identical, relatively thin, poles of 10 cm diameter are interconnected to form double-layer grids. According to this principle a few prototype structures have been built and test-loaded, including the load-bearing frames of two agricultural buildings, one at Lelystad in The Netherlands and one at Winchester in England. A few others are under construction. The tool was originally designed for use in developing countries. For other countries a more industrialized way of producing the laced connections is considered.

Do the Benefits of Breastfeeding Outweigh the Risk of Postnatal Transmission of Hiv via Breastmilk?

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathy I Kennedy ◽  
Judith A Fortney ◽  
Michele G Bonhomme ◽  
Malcolm Potts ◽  
Peter Lamptey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Infant Feeding Practices ◽  
High Baseline ◽  
Postnatal Transmission ◽  
Baseline Levels ◽  
The Difference

Conflicting recommendations have been offered about whether HIV+ mothers should breastfeed. Since there is a strong precedent for US infant feeding practices to be imitated in developing countries, a model was constructed to estimate infant mortality if the CDC admonition for HIV + mothers not to breastfeed were upheld in less developed settings. Estimates are given for infant mortality in the presence and absence of breastfeeding across several baseline levels of infant mortality and across several theoretical rates of transmission through breastfeeding. The infant mortality associated with HIV infection acquired through breastfeeding is estimated to be lower than the mortality associated with the diseases of infancy that would result if breastmilk were withheld. The difference in these estimates is greater in areas with high baseline levels of infant mortality.

scholarly journals The effect of umbilical cord cleansing with chlorhexidine on omphalitis and neonatal mortality in community settings in developing countries: a meta-analysis

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (Suppl 3) ◽  
pp. S15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aamer Imdad ◽  
Luke C Mullany ◽  
Abdullah H Baqui ◽  
Shams El Arifeen ◽  
James M Tielsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Umbilical Cord ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Community Settings

A World of Homicides

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 238-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Ouimet
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Homicide Rate ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Medium Level

The current study contrasts and compares the role of socioeconomic factors that explain variations in the homicide rate for 165 countries in 2010. Regression analyses demonstrate that economic development (GNI), inequality (Gini), and poverty (excess infant mortality) are significant predictors of the homicide rate for all countries. However, subsample analyses shows that income inequality, not economic development or poverty, predicts homicide for countries with a medium level of human development. Also, the variations in homicide for developing countries are inadequately explained by our model. To conclude, an analysis of the countries that exhibited significant discrepancies between their predicted and observed homicide rate is discussed.

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