ALTERATIONS IN HUMAN BRAIN BIOCHEMISTRY FOLLOWING INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-411
Author(s):  
H. Peter Chase ◽  
N. Noreen Welch ◽  
Carol S. Dabiere ◽  
N. S. Vasan ◽  
L. Joseph Butterfield
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Growth Retardation ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Retardation ◽  
Similar Reduction ◽  
Myelin Lipids ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Appropriate For Gestational Age ◽  
The Brain

Analyses of brains from six infants whose birth weights were "small for gestational age" (SGA) and ten infants whose birth weights were ‘appropriate for gestational age" (AGA) show the cerebellum to be the area of the brain most greatly affected by intrauterine underdevelopment. The SGA cerebellar weight was reduced 37% and cellularity 35%, compared to reductions of only 21% and 19% for weight and cellularity in the remainder of the brain. The myelin lipids, cerebroside and sulfatide, were significantly reduced (p < .01) in concentration or total quantity in the brains of SGA infants, in contrast to phospholipids, cholesterol, and gangliosides which did not show a similar reduction. Galactolipid sulfotransferase activity, important in sulfatide formation, was also significantly reduced (p < .01) in the brains from SGA infants.

Predicting infant temperament from neonatal reactivity for AGA/SGA twin pairs

Twin Research ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilyn L Riese
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Growth Retardation ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Retardation ◽  
Infant Temperament ◽  
Social Orientation ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Appropriate For Gestational Age ◽  
Bull's Eye

AbstractThe predictive relation between neonatal reactivity and 12-, 18-, and 24-month temperament was assessed for 22 appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA)/small-for-gestational-age (SGA) twin pairs. Neonatal reactivity included ratings of visual and auditory orienting responses to a bull's-eye, rattle, bell, voice, and face plus voice combined, as well as alertness. Infant temperament ratings were made of emotional tone, activity, attentiveness, and social orientation to staff during ageappropriate activities in the laboratory. There were no group differences in the neonatal or infant ratings. For AGA twins, a pattern of predictive correlations was obtained between neonatal reactivity and temperament at each age. A similar predictive pattern was not observed for the SGA twins. Group differences in rates of maturation related to stresses associated with intrauterine growth retardation influenced the significance of the neonatal variables for later temperament development.

Maternal zinc and intrauterine growth retardation

1985 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Simmer ◽  
R. P. H. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Retardation ◽  
Maternal Plasma ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Group I ◽  
Appropriate For Gestational Age ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Zinc Levels

1. The levels of zinc in plasma, erythrocytes, polymorphonuclear (PMN) and mononuclear (MN) white cells were measured after delivery in women giving birth to appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) babies (group I mothers), or small-for-gestational-age (SGA) babies (group II mothers) and in non-pregnant controls. 2. Mean maternal plasma zinc and albumin levels 24-48 h after delivery were lower than in controls, but PMN and MN zinc levels were unchanged. PMN zinc levels were lower than those of MN cells. 3. PMN and MN zinc levels were significantly lower in group II mothers than in group I, irrespective of smoking habits. There were no racial differences in peripheral white cell zinc levels. 4. PMN, and to a lesser degree MN, zinc levels were lower in smoking than in non-smoking mothers. 5. Erythrocyte zinc did not correlate with other zinc measurements nor with the size of the babies. Fetal erythrocyte zinc levels were one-third of maternal levels. 6. A combination of smoking and/or low PMN zinc levels selects 85% of mothers having small-for-gestational-age babies.

Small for gestational age foetus

2014 ◽  
Vol 155 (33) ◽  
pp. 1301-1305
Author(s):  
Norbert Pásztor ◽  
Zoltán Kozinszky ◽  
Attila Pál
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Growth Retardation ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Retardation ◽  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Labour Induction ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Optimal Timing ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Intrauterine Growth

A small for gestational age foetus is defined by the foetal weight below the 10th centile for the corresponding gestational age. However, the vast majority of these cases has no apparent underlying abnormality, while in other cases a serious causative pathological condition can be identified. The detection, follow-up and treatment of an intrauterine growth retarded, compromised foetus has great obstetric and neonatologic relevance. In this review, the causes, clinical aspects and screening methods of intrauterine growth retardation are summarized based on the most recent international guidelines. Furthermore, recommendations regarding the monitoring and the optimal timing of the labour induction of pregnancies complicated with intrauterine growth retardation are discussed. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(33), 1301–1305.

Growth and Development of Full-Term Nonasphyxiated Small-for-Gestational-Age Newborns: Follow-up Through Adolescence

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 376-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Westwood ◽  
Michael S. Kramer ◽  
Diane Munz ◽  
Joan M. Lovett ◽  
Gordon V. Watters
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Growth Retardation ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Retardation ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Physical Growth ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Parental Height

Previous studies of growth and development in small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants have been plagued by several methodologic defects, including a lack of control for socioeconomic status and parental height and an inability to distinguish among the effects of prematurity, neonatal asphyxia, and intrauterine growth retardation. An attempt has been made to overcome these defects in a study of 33 full-term, nonasphyxiated small-for-gestational-age neonates born between 1960 and 1966 and 33 matched control infants of normal birth weight. The infants were followed up and compared for physical growth and sexual, neurologic, and cognitive development at ages 13 to 19 years. Significant deficits in height, weight, and head circumference were found among the SGA cohort, even after statistical adjustment for differences in socioeconomic status and parental height. Sexual development and bone age were not delayed in the SGA group, however, indicating that the deficits in growth are permanent. On neurologic and cognitive testing, the SGA group had trends toward lower scores but scores were well within the normal range. It is concluded that full-term nonasphyxiated SGA infants have an impaired potential for physical growth, but a good prognosis for neurologic and cognitive development. Previous findings of more severe cognitive deficits are attributed to a failure to distinguish the effects of isolated intrauterine growth retardation from effects due to asphyxia.

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