Adoption of Hepatitis B Virus-Infected Foreign-Born Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. 891-892
Author(s):  
MARGARET K. HOSTETTER ◽  
DANA JOHNSON
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
World Health ◽  
Adopted Children ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Internationally Adopted Children ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Internationally Adopted

In Reply.— We thank Dr Sokol for his detailed comments on hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in internationally adopted children. Several issues which he has raised deserve special attention. 1. Previous reports of HBV infection in internationally adopted children had detected a substantially lower preyalence of this disease than did our study.1-5 Indeed, two studies in Korean infants3,5 place the prevalence of HBV infection at 2.8% to 4.3%, a figure which is approximately one third of that reported for Asian countries as a whole in surveillance studies conducted by the World Health Organization.6

scholarly journals Hepatitis B Virus Molecular Epidemiology, Host-Virus Interaction, Coinfection, and Laboratory Diagnosis in the MENA Region: An Update

Pathogens ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duaa W. Al-Sadeq ◽  
Sara A. Taleb ◽  
Roan E. Zaied ◽  
Sara M. Fahad ◽  
Maria K. Smatti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Mena Region ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Health Organization

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an enveloped partial double-stranded DNA virus that can cause acute and chronic hepatitis. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 257 million people are living with HBV. Moreover, 20,900 acute hepatitis B cases were reported in 2016. Hepatitis B is highly prevalent in the African, Western Pacific, Eastern Mediterranean, South-East Asia, and European regions, respectively. Due to the high mutational rate of HBV and lack of reverse transcriptase proofreading activity, ten different genotypes with different geographical distributions have been identified. HBV pathogenesis and severity of infection depend on several host and viral factors, particularly, the genetic variability of both the host and virus. Although HBV infection is a global health concern, there is a lack of adequate studies and reports in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Here, we provide a review on HBV epidemiology, pathogenesis, host–pathogen interactions, coinfection with selected viruses, and laboratory diagnosis, focusing on studies conducted in the MENA region to determine the current situation of the HBV infection and outline the future study areas.

Hepatitis B Virus Screening for Internationally Adopted Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 122 (6) ◽  
pp. 1223-1228 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. P. Stadler ◽  
A. G. Mezoff ◽  
M. A. Staat
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Adopted Children ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Internationally Adopted Children ◽  
Virus Screening ◽  
Internationally Adopted

Prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection in The Netherlands in 1996 and 2007

2011 ◽  
Vol 140 (8) ◽  
pp. 1469-1480 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. M. HAHNÉ ◽  
H. E. DE MELKER ◽  
M. KRETZSCHMAR ◽  
L. MOLLEMA ◽  
F. R. VAN DER KLIS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen ◽  
Hbv Dna ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Core Antigen ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
B Virus

SUMMARYWe aimed to assess differences in the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in The Netherlands between 1996 and 2007, and to identify risk factors for HBV infection in 2007. Representative samples of the Dutch population in 1996 and 2007 were tested for antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc), hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBV-DNA. In 2007, the weighted anti-HBc prevalence was 3·5% (95% CI 2·2–5·5) and the HBsAg prevalence was 0·2% (95% CI 0·1–0·4). In indigenous Dutch participants, the anti-HBc prevalence was lower in 2007 than in 1996 (P=0·06). First-generation migrants (FGMs) had a 13-fold greater risk of being HBsAg- and/or HBV-DNA-positive than indigenous Dutch participants. In indigenous Dutch participants, risk factors for anti-HBc positivity were older age and having received a blood product before 1990. In FGMs, being of Asian origin was a risk factor. In second-generation migrants, having a foreign-born partner and injecting drug use were risk factors. FGMs are the main target group for secondary HBV prevention in The Netherlands.

scholarly journals Is it Safe for a Mother Infected with Hepatitis B Virus to Breastfeed Her Baby?

2012 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-25
Author(s):  
ASM Nawshad Uddin Ahmed ◽  
Md Mahbubul Hoque
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Perinatal Transmission ◽  
Hepatitis B Vaccine ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
World Health ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Major Mode ◽  
B Virus ◽  
The World

One third of the world’s population has been infected by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), causing an enormous burden of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatitis B virus is transmitted through contact with blood and blood products, by sexual contact, through close contact between children (horizontal transmission), or by perinatal transmission from a carrier mother to her baby. In Asia, perinatal transmission is the major mode of transmission and those who become infected perinatally with HBV are most likely to develop chronic infection. The question of whether breastfeeding by HBV-positive mothers is an additional mechanism by which infants may acquire HBV infection, has been asked for many years. Although small amounts of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) have been detected in some samples of breast milk, there is no evidence that breastfeeding by HBV-carrier mothers increase the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HBV. Infants born to known hepatitis B positive women should receive hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) and hepatitis B vaccine, effectively eliminating any theoretical risk of transmission through breastfeeding. However, neither screening of pregnant women for HBV infection nor use of HBIG is feasible in most developing countries. Routine immunization of infants with hepatitis B vaccine is therefore recommended by the World Health Organization. Bangladesh has already included hepatitis B vaccine as part of routine childhood immunization in EPI program since 2003. Also the risk must be balanced against the increased risk of morbidity and mortality due to malnutrition and diarrheal or other infectious diseases associated with replacement feeding. Malnutrition is responsible, directly or indirectly, for 6.5 million under 5 deaths annually. Thus, even where HBV infection is highly endemic and immunization against HBV is not available, breastfeeding remains the recommended method of feeding. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjch.v35i1.10369 BJCH 2011; 35(1): 20-25

Adoption of Hepatitis B Virus-Infected Foreign-Born Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. 890-891
Author(s):  
RONALD J. SOKOL
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
South America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
B Virus ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Central South

To the Editor.— Hostetter et al1 confirmed recent reports2-5 of the relatively high incidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among foreign-born children who are adopted in the United States. Approximately 5% to 15% of adopted infants from Asia, India, and Central/South America are found to have active HBV infection or to be asymptomatic carriers.1-5 Although some information is provided to prospective parents by adoption agencies discussing the possibility of a number of diseases (including HBV infection) in the foreign-born infants, few parents, in our experience, felt that they were adequately informed about the true risk and the potential social and medical consequences of HBV infection before the placement of the child in their home.

scholarly journals Update on Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Hepatitis B Virus Infection

1999 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis J. Mahoney
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hepatitis B Vaccine ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
World Health ◽  
Chronic Hbv Infection ◽  
Chronic Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Chronic Hbv

SUMMARY Acute and chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a leading cause of liver disease worldwide. It is estimated that approximately 350 million people worldwide have chronic HBV infection and that 1 million persons die each year from HBV-related chronic liver disease. In the past decade, significant progress in the understanding of the molecular virology and pathogenesis of HBV infection has been made. In addition, effective treatment modalities have been developed for persons with chronic infection. Worldwide, prevention of HBV transmission has become a high priority. In 1992, the Global Advisory Group to the World Health Organization recommended that all countries integrate hepatitis B vaccine into national immunization programs by 1997. Currently, 80 countries have done so and several others are planning to. Many countries have reported dramatic reductions in the prevalence of chronic HBV infection among children born since the hepatitis B vaccine was introduced into infant immunization schedules. Recent reports from Taiwan indicate a reduction in the incidence of liver cancer among children as a result of widespread hepatitis B vaccination programs.

scholarly journals Benefits and Risks of Antiviral Treatment during Pregnancy in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2320
Author(s):  
Yoon Seok Lee ◽  
Soo Min Bang ◽  
Young-Sun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Antiviral Therapy ◽  
Antiviral Treatment ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
World Health ◽  
Chronic Hbv Infection ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Chronic Hbv ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Meta Analyses

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a main cause of chronic liver disease worldwide and can lead to severe liver diseases. The World Health Organization has planned to eliminate viral hepatitis, including hepatitis caused by HBV and hepatitis C virus, by 2030. As mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HBV is a main cause of chronic HBV infection, MTCT prevention is the main target to reduce the risk of chronic HBV infection and eliminate the disease. Recent clinical trials and meta-analyses found that antiviral therapy could prevent MTCT effectively in mothers with ≥200,000 IU/mL of HBV DNA, in combination with serial vaccination and hepatitis B immune globulin administration in infants. Despite the preventive role of antivirals for MTCT of HBV, there are several concerns regarding antiviral therapy with respect to the safety of the mother and fetus during pregnancy. This review summarizes the benefits and risks of antiviral treatment during pregnancy in women with chronic HBV infection.

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