Recovery of Giardia lamblia Cysts From Chairs and Tables in Child Day-Care Centers

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 1006-1008
Author(s):  
Mildred M. Cody ◽  
Henry M. Sottnek ◽  
Virginia S. O'Leary
Keyword(s):  
Giardia Lamblia ◽  
Day Care ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Food Service ◽  
Intestinal Protozoan ◽  
Day Care Centers ◽  
Child Day Care ◽  
Indirect Immunofluorescent

More than 11 million children attend commercial child day care in the US. This number is expected to increase as more mothers of preschool children enter the work force. Infectious diseases are readily transmitted in child day-care settings,1-4 where children are in close contact with one another for approximately 50 hours per week. Diarrheal diseases are common in these settings. Infectious diarrhea can be transmitted by person-to-person contact1,2,5 and, possibly, by contact with fomites.1,3 Many food service surfaces including tables, kitchen counters, ware-washing sinks, and dinner plates in the centers are contaminated with bacterial levels that exceed public health standards.6,7 Giardia lamblia is a pathogenic intestinal protozoan that may produce an acute infection characterized by diarrhea and other clinical symptoms.8 It infects children in day care at a higher rate than the general population.2,5 Family members are at risk of acquiring G. lamblia transmitted from children attending child-care centers3 where infectious cysts of G. lamblia may be shed by infected symptomatic or asymptomatic individuals.1,5 Intervention strategies that rely on exclusion of infected children from day-care settings are expensive and do not control Giardia infections in the child day-care environment.4 We compared the use of a commercially available, indirect immunofluorescent procedure with direct microscopic examination to detect G. lamblia cysts in stools of children attending day-care centers. Because the detection of G. lamblia on environmental surfaces would show their potential for transmitting giardiasis, we used the immunofluorescent procedure to look for G. lamblia cysts on various surfaces. Cysts were removed by swabbing surfaces, recovered on membrane filters, and detected using the indirect immunofluorescent procedure on the filters.

Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium infections in child day-care centers in Fulton County, Georgia

1991 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 907-911 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID G. ADDISS ◽  
JAMES M. STEWART ◽  
ROBERT J. FINTON ◽  
SUSANNE P. WAHLQUIST ◽  
RUBY M. WILLIAMS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Giardia Lamblia ◽  
Day Care ◽  
Day Care Centers ◽  
Child Day Care ◽  
Child Day Care Centers

Challenges in the management of nutritional disorders and communicable diseases in child day care centers: a quantitative and qualitative approach

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tulio Konstantyner ◽  
Thais Cláudia Roma de Oliveira Konstantyner ◽  
Maysa Helena Aguiar Toloni ◽  
Giovana Longo-Silva ◽  
José Augusto de Aguiar Carrazedo Taddei
Keyword(s):  
Day Care ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Day Care Centers ◽  
Child Day Care ◽  
Child Day Care Centers

Smoking Policies of Licensed Child Day-Care Centers in the United States

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 460-463
Author(s):  
David E. Nelson ◽  
Jeffrey J. Sacks ◽  
David G. Addiss
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Environmental Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Day Care ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tobacco Smoke Exposure ◽  
Day Care Centers ◽  
Child Day Care ◽  
Smoking Policies ◽  
Child Day Care Centers

The authors analyzed data from a national survey of 2003 directors of licensed child day-care centers to determine employee smoking policies, measure compliance with state and local employee smoking regulations for child day-care centers and state clean indoor air laws, and to estimate the extent of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in these settings. Forty states regulated employee smoking in child day-care centers, but only three states required day-care centers to be smoke-free indoors. More than 99% of licensed child day-care centers had employee smoking policies that complied with the appropriate state or local smoking regulations. Nearly 55% of centers were smoke-free indoors and outdoors, and 26% were smoke-free indoors only. The best predictors of more stringent employee smoking policies were location in the West or South, smaller size, independent ownership, or having written smoking policies. Despite the presence of strong smoking policies at the majority of licensed child day-care centers, more than 752000 children in the United States are at risk for environmental tobacco smoke exposure in these settings. Health care professionals and parents should insist that child day-care centers be smoke-free indoors and, preferably, smoke-free indoors and outdoors.

Surveillance for Transmission of Hepatitis B in Child Day Care

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 1002-1004
Author(s):  
Hjordis M. Foy ◽  
Paul D. Swenson ◽  
M. Jayne Freitag-Koontz ◽  
Janice Boase ◽  
Tianji-Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Day Care ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Core Antigen ◽  
Day Care Centers ◽  
Blood Specimens

Relatively little is known about the risk of transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in day-care centers; the virus is primarily spread by blood and other body secretions. Gradual horizontal transmission of hepatitis B has been observed in homes for the mentally retarded.1-3 Horizontal spread in children appears to be of equal importance with vertical transmission in countries where hepatitis B is endemic.4 These infections, which usually are asymptomatic, may result in chronic carriage and may go undetected unless children are tested for hepatitis B markers. Studies in day-care centers in Okinawa, where HBV carriage is relatively common, suggest that transmission may occur in day-care centers.5 Case reports of HBV transmission in school or day-care settings in the US6 and Italy7 have been published. Our study was undertaken to determine whether there is evidence of horizontal transmission of HBV infections in US day-care facilities. To evaluate this, we screened for the antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc), a marker which is seen both in those who have recovered from hepatitis B and those who are carriers.8 Capillary blood specimens, obtained by finger prick, were used. Children who tested positive had venous blood specimens drawn and their families were approached for consent to draw venous specimens also from the household members to evaluate if the infection may have originated in the family. The venous specimens were tested also for additional markers, especially for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), which is found during acute infection and in carriers, and antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs) which develops after infection and immunization.

Evaluation of an Hygienic Intervention in Child Day-Care Centers

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 991-994
Author(s):  
Jonathan B. Kotch ◽  
Ann H. Faircloth ◽  
Kristen A. Weigle ◽  
David J. Weber ◽  
Richard M. Clifford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Day Care ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
Day Care Centers ◽  
Incidence Data ◽  
Child Day Care ◽  
Care Givers ◽  
Child Day Care Centers ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

The growing use of child day-care centers (CDCCs) has produced a significant rise in morbidity due to infectious diseases which carry such consequences as discomfort, disability, and parental anxiety.1,2 Haskins conservatively estimated the cost of day-care illnesses among children to be $1.8 billion.3 To this must be added the cost of parents' and care givers' excess illness attributable to CDCCs. No published study describes a successful intervention to reduce the risk of upper respiratory disease in CDCCs. Although many research groups have advocated hand washing and diapering hygiene as a means of reducing the spread of enteric disease in CDCCs,4-11 there are only two controlled studies in the literature. In their pioneering work, Black et al showed the incidence of diarrhea in CDCCs following a rigorously monitored hand-washing program to be nearly twice that in intervention centers.12 Bartlett et al monitored the impact of hand washing in randomly assigned CDCCs and found no intervention effect. However, rates of diarrhea were significantly lower among children in the actively monitored centers regardless of intervention status.13 These studies share several limitations: the sources of incidence data were not blinded to center intervention status, the analyses did not statistically control for potential confounders, and non-independence of multiple diarrhea episodes in the same child were not accounted for. The purposes of our study were to develop a feasible, multicomponent hygienic intervention and to carefully measure its impact while controlling for sources of bias. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not constitute endorsement by the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or any of the other co-sponsors of this conference.

An Investigation of Factors that Influence Hygiene Practices at a Small Day Care Center

2017 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 158-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jee Hye Lee
Keyword(s):  
Day Care ◽  
Care Center ◽  
Food Service ◽  
Classification And Regression Tree ◽  
Food Hygiene ◽  
Food Handlers ◽  
Certification Authority ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Day Care Centers ◽  
Hygiene Practices

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to explore factors that influence hygiene practices at small day care centers. It examines the effect of food hygiene training on hygiene practices and investigates the correlations between the hygienic status of food handlers' hands and that of kitchen utensils. Furthermore, it determines the influences of demographic and facility-related factors on hygiene practices in small day care centers. A total of 56 food handlers at 49 day care centers in the Gyeongnam area of South Korea participated in hygiene training. The results of the study showed that after two training sessions, the ATP bioluminescence levels of knives (P < 0.01), cutting boards (P < 0.01), food handlers' hands (P < 0.001), and UV disinfection cabinets (P < 0.01) decreased. After training, the total scores on the inspection checklist were significantly improved (P < 0.05). Strong associations between the microbial quality of hands and kitchen utensils were seen. Classification and regression tree analysis identified important factors that influence hygiene practices at small food service kitchens, such as status of registration with the government certification authority, length of food handlers' working experience and their age, and maximum number of people served. This study helps to broaden our knowledge of food hygiene issues in small day care centers.

Productivity Analysis of Public Services

2010 ◽  
pp. 83-105
Author(s):  
Aki Jääskeläinen ◽  
Paula Kujansivu ◽  
Jaani Väisänen
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Day Care ◽  
Productivity Analysis ◽  
Day Care Centers ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Public Service Organizations ◽  
Care Services ◽  
Child Day Care ◽  
Service Productivity

Productivity is a key success factor in any organization. In order to improve productivity, it is necessary to understand how various factors affect it. The previous research has mainly focused on productivity analysis at macro level (e.g. nations) or in private companies. Instead, there is a lack of knowledge about productivity drivers in public service organizations. This study aims to scrutinize the role of various operational (micro level) factors in improving public service productivity. In particular, this study focuses on child day care services. First, the drivers of productivity are identified in light of the existing literature and of the results of workshop discussions. Second, the drivers most conducive to high productivity and the specific driver combinations associated with high productivity are defined by applying methods of data mining. The empirical data includes information on 239 day care centers of the City of Helsinki, Finland. According to the data mining results, the factors most conducive to high productivity are the following: proper use of employee resources, efficient utilization of premises, high employee competence, large size of day care centers, and customers with little need for additional support.

scholarly journals Avaliação do consumo alimentar de crianças brasileiras assistidas em creches: uma revisão sistemática

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dixis Figueroa Pedraza ◽  
Daiane de Queiroz ◽  
Jacqueline Santos da Fonsêca Almeida Gama
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Day Care ◽  
Day Care Centers ◽  
Child Day Care ◽  
Dietary Reference Intakes ◽  
Child Day Care Centers

Objetivos: levantar evidências sobre o perfil do consumo alimentar de crianças brasileiras assistidas em creches. Métodos: foi realizada uma busca por estudos observacionais nas bases de dados PubMed, LILACS e SciELO. Foram selecionados artigos publicados entre 1990 e 2013, utilizando os termos “food consumption” AND “child day care centers”. Resultados: foram identificados 58 artigos, dos quais 21 artigos foram considerados relevantes para o presente trabalho: 18 estudos transversais e três longitudinais. A sistematização dos estudos destaca: i) a concentração geográfica no Sudeste do país; ii) a apropriação da pesagem direta de alimentos e dos valores de referência das Dietary Reference Intakes na avaliação do consumo de alimentos; iii) um panorama preliminar, com ênfase no Sudeste, do consumo deficitário de legumes, frutas e vegetais, e da inadequação da ingestão dietética de ferro; iv) a restrição dos resultados à ingestão média devido à insuficiência do uso de métodos apropriados ao estabelecimento de padrões alimentares. Conclusões: apesar da escassez e dispersão espaço-temporal dos estudos, as semelhanças metodológicas possibilitam sugerir um panorama em que predomina a ingestão dietética deficitária do grupo de frutas, legumes e verduras, e de alimentos ricos em ferro; bem como a ingestão excessiva de alimentos protéicos e de alto teor de sódio.

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