Pool Cue Chalk: A Source of Environmental Lead

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 97 (6) ◽  
pp. 916-917
Author(s):  
Mary Beth Miller ◽  
Steven C. Curry ◽  
Donald B. Kunkel ◽  
Patricia Arreola ◽  
Ernest Arvizu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Lead Content ◽  
Elevated Blood ◽  
Childhood Lead Poisoning ◽  
Environmental Lead ◽  
Lead Compounds ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Coloring Agents

Lead compounds are used as coloring agents for numerous products. Two cases of children with elevated blood lead concentrations encountered by the authors suggested that pool cue chalk may serve as a source of environmental lead. The objective of this study was to determine lead content of various brands and colors of pool cue chalk. Atomic absorption analyses were conducted of 23 different types of pool cue chalk for lead content. Three of 23 types of pool cue chalk contained more than 7000 ppm (mg/kg) lead: one manufacturer's green and tangerine chalk and another manufacturer's green chalk. It was concluded that some brands of pool cue chalk contain relatively large amounts of lead and could contribute to childhood lead poisoning.

Question Regarding Need for Treatment

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 621-622
Author(s):  
Arthur W. Kaemmer ◽  
Byron R. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Mass Screening ◽  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Blood Lead Levels ◽  
Elevated Blood ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Environmental Lead ◽  
Need For Treatment ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Elevated Blood Lead Levels

Dr. Greensher and his colleagues are to be congratulated for bringing to the readers' attention a most unusual source of lead poisoning. Inasmuch as many localities are initiating city-wide lead screening programs, it is obvious that pediatricians in this country will be seeing many children with abnormally elevated blood lead levels, and in many cases diligent efforts such as this will have to be undertaken to determine the exact source of the environmental lead. biggest problems with mass screening programs for lead poisoning are well outlined by Moriarty's article.2

INCIDENCE OF HIGH BLOOD LEAD LEVELS IN CHICAGO CHILDREN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 661-667
Author(s):  
Lorry A. Blanksma ◽  
Henrietta K. Sachs ◽  
Edward F. Murray ◽  
Morgn J. O'Connell
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Blood Lead Levels ◽  
Children At Risk ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Poisoning In Children

The Chicago Board of Health in October 1986 began a mass-screening program using a blood lead test to detect lead poisoning in children. Atomic absorption spectroscopy made it possible to screen 5,000 specimens in 1 month, and to test a total of 68,744 children in 2 years. The incidence of high blood lead values was variable and seasonal it was lowest in November through January and highest in June. Control children exhibited the same seasonal variation in lead levels as did the children at-risk for lead poisoning. As a result of this program, 1,154 children were treated with chelates for lead poisoning in 1967 and 1968 at the Lead Poisoning Clinic, and the incidence of high blood lead levels among children living in the same areas declined from 8.5% in 1967 to 3.8% in 1968.

Childhood Lead Poisoning in Russia: A Site-specific Pediatric Blood Lead Evaluation

1997 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 241-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol H. Rubin ◽  
Emilio Esteban ◽  
Robert Jones ◽  
Gary Noonan ◽  
Elena Gurvich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Childhood Lead Poisoning ◽  
A Site

scholarly journals Prevalence and Risk Factors of Elevated Blood Lead in Children in Gold Ore Processing Communities, Zamfara, Nigeria, 2012

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 2-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Kaufman ◽  
Mary Jean Brown ◽  
Nasir T. Umar-Tsafe ◽  
Muhammad Bashir Adbullahi ◽  
Kabiru I. Getso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Blood Lead Levels ◽  
Elevated Blood ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Gold Ore ◽  
Ore Processing ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Elevated Blood Lead Levels

Background. In March 2010, Medecins Sans Frontieres/Doctors Without Borders detected an outbreak of acute lead poisoning in Zamfara State, northwestern Nigeria, linked to low-technology gold ore processing. The outbreak killed more than 400 children ≤5 years of age in the first half of 2010 and has left more than 2,000 children with permanent disabilities. Objectives. The aims of this study were to estimate the statewide prevalence of children ≤5 years old with elevated blood lead levels (BLLs) in gold ore processing and non-ore-processing communities, and to identify factors associated with elevated blood lead levels in children. Methods. A representative, population-based study of ore processing and non-ore-processing villages was conducted throughout Zamfara in 2012. Blood samples from children, outdoor soil samples, indoor dust samples, and survey data on ore processing activities and other lead sources were collected from 383 children ≤5 years old in 383 family compounds across 56 villages. Results. 17.2% of compounds reported that at least one member had processed ore in the preceding 12 months (95% confidence intervals (CI): 9.7, 24.7). The prevalence of BLLs ≥10 μg/dL in children ≤5 years old was 38.2% (95% CI: 26.5, 51.4) in compounds with members who processed ore and 22.3% (95% CI: 17.8, 27.7) in compounds where no one processed ore. Ore processing activities were associated with higher lead concentrations in soil, dust, and blood samples. Other factors associated with elevated BLL were a child's age and sex, breastfeeding, drinking water from a piped tap, and exposure to eye cosmetics. Conclusions. Childhood lead poisoning is widespread in Zamfara State in both ore processing and non-ore-processing settings, although it is more prevalent in ore processing areas. Although most children's BLLs were below the recommended level for chelation therapy, environmental remediation and use of safer ore processing practices are needed to prevent further exposures.

Using Medicaid Data to Improve Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program Outcomes and Blood Lead Surveillance

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. S51-S57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shelley A. Bruce ◽  
Krista Y. Christensen ◽  
Marjorie J. Coons ◽  
Jeffrey A. Havlena ◽  
Jon G. Meiman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
Prevention Program ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Program Outcomes ◽  
Childhood Lead Poisoning ◽  
Lead Poisoning Prevention ◽  
Poisoning Prevention

Acute and Chronic Childhood Lead Poisoning: Criticism of the Statement

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 474-475
Author(s):  
Jane S. Lin-Fu
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Childhood Lead Poisoning ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
Recent Statement ◽  
Major Emphasis ◽  
Chronic Childhood

I read the AAP's recent statement, "Acute and Chronic Childhood Lead Poisoning,"1 with disappointment verging on alarm. The statement recommends that "the major emphasis . . . be placed on the testing of dwellings for lead-pigment paints . . . in order to identify high-risk areas." Yet many such areas, or "lead belts," have long been so correctly identified that 20 to 40% of young children screened from these areas have been shown to have blood lead values of 40 µg/100 ml or more.2

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