INCIDENCE OF HIGH BLOOD LEAD LEVELS IN CHICAGO CHILDREN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 661-667
Author(s):  
Lorry A. Blanksma ◽  
Henrietta K. Sachs ◽  
Edward F. Murray ◽  
Morgn J. O'Connell
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Blood Lead Levels ◽  
Children At Risk ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Poisoning In Children

The Chicago Board of Health in October 1986 began a mass-screening program using a blood lead test to detect lead poisoning in children. Atomic absorption spectroscopy made it possible to screen 5,000 specimens in 1 month, and to test a total of 68,744 children in 2 years. The incidence of high blood lead values was variable and seasonal it was lowest in November through January and highest in June. Control children exhibited the same seasonal variation in lead levels as did the children at-risk for lead poisoning. As a result of this program, 1,154 children were treated with chelates for lead poisoning in 1967 and 1968 at the Lead Poisoning Clinic, and the incidence of high blood lead levels among children living in the same areas declined from 8.5% in 1967 to 3.8% in 1968.

Gasoline Sniffing and Tetraethyl Lead Poisoning in Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-145
Author(s):  
R. L. Boeckx ◽  
B. Postl ◽  
F. J. Coodin
Keyword(s):  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Blood Lead Levels ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tetraethyl Lead ◽  
Alad Activity ◽  
Organic Lead ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Lead Encephalopathy ◽  
Poisoning In Children

Two cases of acute organic lead poisoning following gasoline sniffing, with one death, are reported. Signs of lead encephalopathy with elevated blood lead levels and markedly decreased levels of erythrocytic δ-amino levulnic dehydratase (ALAD) were demonstrated. Erythrocytic ALAD activity was used as a screening test for the detection of tetraethyl lead (TEL) poisoning in a group of 43 children who were presumed gasoline sniffers. Their mean ALAD activity was 190 units compared to a mean of 538 units for a control group. A survey of schoolchildren in another isolated community revealed that 59% had decreased ALAD activity, which correlated well with a history of gasoline sniffing. Only 5% of the children had blood lead levels over 40 µg/dl. The two surveys herein reported suggest that there may be large numbers of children living in isolated communities who are suffering from TEL poisoning as a result of gasoline sniffing. This constitutes a major medical, public health, and social problem heretofore virtually unrecognized.

Blood lead levels and risk factors for lead poisoning in children and caregivers in Chuuk State, Micronesia

2005 ◽  
Vol 208 (4) ◽  
pp. 231-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa M. Brown ◽  
Dennis Kim ◽  
Anamaria Yomai ◽  
Pamela A. Meyer ◽  
Gary P. Noonan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Blood Lead Levels ◽  
Chuuk State ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Poisoning In Children

scholarly journals Increased Risk of Sub-Clinical Blood Lead Levels in the 20-County Metro Atlanta, Georgia Area—A Laboratory Surveillance-Based Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 5163
Author(s):  
Carmen M. Dickinson-Copeland ◽  
Lilly Cheng Immergluck ◽  
Maria Britez ◽  
Fengxia Yan ◽  
Ruijin Geng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Blood Lead Levels ◽  
Children At Risk ◽  
Multilevel Regression ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Lead Levels

Lead (Pb) is a naturally occurring, highly toxic metal that has adverse effects on children across a range of exposure levels. Limited screening programs leave many children at risk for chronic low-level lead exposure and there is little understanding of what factors may be used to identify children at risk. We characterize the distribution of blood lead levels (BLLs) in children aged 0–72 months and their associations with sociodemographic and area-level variables. Data from the Georgia Department of Public Health’s Healthy Homes for Lead Prevention Program surveillance database was used to describe the distribution of BLLs in children living in the metro Atlanta area from 2010 to 2018. Residential addresses were geocoded, and “Hotspot” analyses were performed to determine if BLLs were spatially clustered. Multilevel regression models were used to identify factors associated with clinical BBLs (≥5 µg/dL) and sub-clinical BLLs (2 to <5 µg/dL). From 2010 to 2018, geographically defined hotspots for both clinical and sub-clinical BLLs diffused from the city-central area of Atlanta into suburban areas. Multilevel regression analysis revealed non-Medicaid insurance, the proportion of renters in a given geographical area, and proportion of individuals with a GED/high school diploma as predictors that distinguish children with BLLs 2 to <5 µg/dL from those with lower (<2 µg/dL) or higher (≥5 µg/dL) BLLs. Over half of the study children had BLLs between 2 and 5 µg/dL, a range that does not currently trigger public health measures but that could result in adverse developmental outcomes if ignored.

Blood lead levels and risk factors for lead poisoning among children in Jakarta, Indonesia

2003 ◽  
Vol 301 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 75-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Albalak ◽  
Gary Noonan ◽  
Sharunda Buchanan ◽  
W.Dana Flanders ◽  
Carol Gotway-Crawford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Blood Lead Levels ◽  
Lead Levels

RAPID PROTOPORPHYRIN QUANTITATION FOR DETECTION OF LEAD POISONING

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-631
Author(s):  
Larry P. Kammholz ◽  
L. Gilbert Thatcher ◽  
Frederic M. Blodgett ◽  
Thomas A. Good
Keyword(s):  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
Glacial Acetic Acid ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Blood Lead Levels ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fluorescent Method ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Fluorescence Test

A rapid fluorescent method for estimation of free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP) is described. Simple ethyl acetate-glacial acetic acid extractions are performed, fluorescence quantitated in a fluorimeter and expressed numerically by comparison with known coproporphyrin standards. Fifty-six children were studied and the extent of lead poisoning was evaluated initially and at different follow-up intervals. A clear relationship was shown between FEP fluorescence and blood lead levels. A correlation was also seen for the intensity of fluorescence and evidence for increased absorption of lead, as estimated by x-ray evidence of ingested lead and deposits in bone. Children with iron deficiency anemia also showed elevations of FEP fluorescence. This FEP fluorescence test allows for a rapid, numerical determination which appears to be useful as a screening test for lead intoxication. It can quickly select patients that may have markedly increased lead absorption and need prompt therapy or select those that at least require further studies for possible lead exposure or the presence of anemia.

Question Regarding Need for Treatment

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 621-622
Author(s):  
Arthur W. Kaemmer ◽  
Byron R. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Mass Screening ◽  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Blood Lead Levels ◽  
Elevated Blood ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Environmental Lead ◽  
Need For Treatment ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Elevated Blood Lead Levels

Dr. Greensher and his colleagues are to be congratulated for bringing to the readers' attention a most unusual source of lead poisoning. Inasmuch as many localities are initiating city-wide lead screening programs, it is obvious that pediatricians in this country will be seeing many children with abnormally elevated blood lead levels, and in many cases diligent efforts such as this will have to be undertaken to determine the exact source of the environmental lead. biggest problems with mass screening programs for lead poisoning are well outlined by Moriarty's article.2

Too Much Lead, Too Little Iron

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-395
Author(s):  
MARGARET CLARK
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Blood Lead Levels ◽  
The Public ◽  
Erythrocyte Protoporphyrin ◽  
Lead Levels

In Reply.— We appreciate the work of Carraccio et al which confirms our findings that the anemia found in children with lead poisoning results from coexistent iron deficiency. The discrepancy between the two studies concerning the predictive value of blood lead in elevations of erythrocyte protoporphyrin bears further exploration. What is striking, however, is that in both series more than 50% of the variability in erythrocyte protoporphyrin remains unexplained. Now the public health focus is on detecting children with low blood lead levels—before even subtle CNS damage has occurred.

Lead Levels in Cord Blood

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 606-608
Author(s):  
Paul Harris ◽  
Marshall R. Holley
Keyword(s):  
Cord Blood ◽  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Normal Blood ◽  
Blood Lead Levels ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
The Mean

Blood lead levels were determined on 24 mothers during labor and on the blood of their newborn offspring. The mean value for the mother's blood lead was 13.2 µg/100 gm (range 10 to 20) and for the cord blood 12.3 (range 10 to 20) µg/100 gm whole blood. These levels are lower than "normal" blood lead standards usually accepted in the diagnosis and treatment of childhood lead poisoning.

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