Herpes Simplex Virus Infections: The Genital Tract and the Newborn

1992 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 107-111
Author(s):  
Ann M. Arvin ◽  
Charles G. Prober
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Human Herpes ◽  
Neonatal Infections ◽  
Herpes Simplex Viruses ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Herpes Group ◽  
Hsv 1

There are six recognized members of the human herpes group of viruses. These include type 1 and type 2 herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1 and HSV-2), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), varicellazoster virus (VZV), and human herpes virus type 6 (HHV-6). These ubiquitous double-stranded DNA viruses are relatively large and lipid-enveloped. The capacity to induce a state of latency in the infected host has been proved for all of the herpes viruses. That is, after primary infection, the viruses remain forever with the host with the possibility for subsequent reactivations. The mechanisms of these reactivations are not understood completely. Both primary infections and recurrences may be associated with clinical illness or may be asymptomatic. To a large extent, the status of the host immune system determines the severity of the infection and the likelihood of recurrences. In general, infections are more severe and recurrences are more frequent in the most compromised hosts. This review focuses on HSV-1 and HSV-2, with emphasis on neonatal infections and maternal genital infections as a source of infection in the newborn. The clinical illnesses caused by HSV-1 and HSV-2 are usually quite distinct. HSV-1 is the predominant cause of oral, ocular, and central nervous system infections occurring after the neonatal period, and HSV-2 is the predominant cause of genital and neonatal infections.

scholarly journals Mucosal Herpes Immunity and Immunopathology to Ocular and Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Infections

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aziz Alami Chentoufi ◽  
Lbachir BenMohamed
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Herpes Simplex Viruses ◽  
Cold Sores ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Disseminated Disease ◽  
Hsv 1

Herpes simplex viruses type 1 and type 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) are amongst the most common human infectious viral pathogens capable of causing serious clinical diseases at every stage of life, from fatal disseminated disease in newborns to cold sores genital ulcerations and blinding eye disease. Primary mucocutaneous infection with HSV-1 & HSV-2 is followed by a lifelong viral latency in the sensory ganglia. In the majority of cases, herpes infections are clinically asymptomatic. However, in symptomatic individuals, the latent HSV can spontaneously and frequently reactivate, reinfecting the muco-cutaneous surfaces and causing painful recurrent diseases. The innate and adaptive mucosal immunities to herpes infections and disease remain to be fully characterized. The understanding of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms operating at muco-cutaneous surfaces is fundamental to the design of next-generation herpes vaccines. In this paper, the phenotypic and functional properties of innate and adaptive mucosal immune cells, their role in antiherpes immunity, and immunopathology are reviewed. The progress and limitations in developing a safe and efficient mucosal herpes vaccine are discussed.

scholarly journals Herpes Simplex Virus Mistyping due to HSV-1 x HSV-2 Interspecies Recombination in Viral Gene Encoding Glycoprotein B

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda M. Casto ◽  
Meei-Li Huang ◽  
Hong Xie ◽  
Keith R. Jerome ◽  
Anna Wald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Recombination Event ◽  
Glycoprotein B ◽  
Viral Gene ◽  
Human Herpes ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Herpes Simplex Viruses ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Interspecies Recombination ◽  
Hsv 1

AbstractHuman herpes simplex viruses (HSV) 1 and 2 are most often typed via molecular assays. Here we describe the first known case of HSV mistyping due to a previously undescribed HSV-1 x HSV-2 recombination event in UL27, the gene that encodes glycoprotein B. This is the first reported HSV interspecies recombination event impacting this gene, which is frequently used as a target for diagnostics and experimental therapeutics.

scholarly journals Importance of Epstein–Barr virus infection in pathogenesis of proliferative complications in children with endogenous uveitis

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 800-804
Author(s):  
M. S. Petrovskaya ◽  
G. I. Krichevskaya ◽  
E. V. Denisova ◽  
L. A. Katargina ◽  
I. G. Kulikova
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus Infection ◽  
Herpes Simplex Viruses ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Ebv Infection ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Endogenous Uveitis ◽  
Hsv 1

Endogenous uveitis (EU) in children is a multifactorial sight-threatening disease that reduces patient’s quality of life. Proliferative syndrome (PS) coupled to developing adhesions, opacity of vitreous body, epiretinal and preretinal membranes is one of the most serious EU complications, with yet-unknown pathogenesis. Among the numerous trigger factors, a role for infections, particularly human herpes group-driven, is proposed. The goal of the study was to assess a potential role of Herpes simplex viruses type 1 (HSV-1), Herpes simplex viruses type 2 (HSV-2), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and Cytomegalovirus (CMV) played in the PS pathogenesis in children with endogenous uveitis. 112 patients aged 3–17 years (mean age 10 years) with (93 patients)/without PS (19 children) were examined. IgM and IgG antibodies (markers of chronic and active infection) against HSV-1/2, EBV and CMV were detected by ELISA. A significantly increased PS rate in infected vs. uninfected children was revealed solely for EBV infection (p = 0.03), but not for HSV-1/2 (p > 0.05) or CMV-positive patients (p > 0.05). However, PS emergence in EBV-negative patients also suggests that some factors might contribute to proliferation in intraocular inflammation. In addition, level of serum IL-8 and IL-6 were assessed by multiplex analysis in 28 children. It was found that IL-8 was detected in all patients, with great individual fluctuations (5.6–2743 pg/ml). Enhanced systemic IL-8 level tended to rise in patients with more prominent proliferation and serological markers of EBV reactivation. However, serum IL-6 was detected by about 2-fold less often reaching up to 55% cases (variation of individual indices 1.3–35.5 pg/ml). A correlation between PS severity, EBV infection activity and systemic IL-6 level was not observed. Further studies evaluating a role of EBV infection in PS pathogenesis pediatric endogenous uveitis are necessary, as it may underlie a rationale for including antiherpetic drugs into a combination therapy.

scholarly journals Differential Reovirus-Specific and Herpesvirus-Specific Activator Protein 1 Activation of Secretogranin II Leads to Altered Virus Secretion

2015 ◽  
Vol 89 (23) ◽  
pp. 11954-11964 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia R. Berard ◽  
Alberto Severini ◽  
Kevin M. Coombs
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Hek293 Cells ◽  
Virus Species ◽  
Activator Protein 1 ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Herpes Simplex Viruses ◽  
Activator Protein ◽  
Secretogranin Ii ◽  
Hsv 1

ABSTRACTViruses utilize host cell machinery for propagation and manage to evade cellular host defense mechanisms in the process. Much remains unknown regarding how the host responds to viral infection. We recently performed global proteomic screens of mammalian reovirus TIL- and T3D-infected and herpesvirus (herpes simplex virus 1 [HSV-1])-infected HEK293 cells. The nonenveloped RNA reoviruses caused an upregulation, whereas the enveloped DNA HSV-1 caused a downregulation, of cellular secretogranin II (SCG2). SCG2, a member of the granin family that functions in hormonal peptide sorting into secretory vesicles, has not been linked to virus infections previously. We confirmed SCG2 upregulation and found SCG2 phosphorylation by 18 h postinfection (hpi) in reovirus-infected cells. We also found a decrease in the amount of reovirus secretion from SCG2 knockdown cells. Similar analyses of cells infected with HSV-1 showed an increase in the amount of secreted virus. Analysis of the stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK)/Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) pathway indicated that each virus activates different pathways leading to activator protein 1 (AP-1) activation, which is the known SCG2 transcription activator. We conclude from these experiments that the negative correlation between SCG2 quantity and virus secretion for both viruses indicates a virus-specific role for SCG2 during infection.IMPORTANCEMammalian reoviruses affect the gastrointestinal system or cause respiratory infections in humans. Recent work has shown that all mammalian reovirus strains (most specifically T3D) may be useful oncolytic agents. The ubiquitous herpes simplex viruses cause common sores in mucosal areas of their host and have coevolved with hosts over many years. Both of these virus species are prototypical representatives of their viral families, and investigation of these viruses can lead to further knowledge of how they and the other more pathogenic members of their respective families interact with the host. Here we show that secretogranin II (SCG2), a protein not previously studied in the context of virus infections, alters virus output in a virus-specific manner and that the quantity of SCG2 is inversely related to amounts of infectious-virus secretion. Herpesviruses may target this protein to facilitate enhanced virus release from the host.

scholarly journals Global Diversity within and between Human Herpesvirus 1 and 2 Glycoproteins

2015 ◽  
Vol 89 (16) ◽  
pp. 8206-8218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanna L. Lamers ◽  
Ruchi M. Newman ◽  
Oliver Laeyendecker ◽  
Aaron A. R. Tobian ◽  
Robert C. Colgrove ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Full Length ◽  
Human Herpes ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Herpes Simplex Viruses ◽  
Viral Spread ◽  
Glycoprotein G ◽  
Antibody Tests ◽  
Hsv 1

ABSTRACTHuman herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) are large-genome DNA viruses that establish a persistent infection in sensory neurons and commonly manifest with recurring oral or genital erosions that transmit virus. HSV encodes 12 predicted glycoproteins that serve various functions, including cellular attachment, entry, and egress. Glycoprotein G is currently the target of an antibody test to differentiate HSV-1 from HSV-2; however, this test has shown reduced capacity to differentiate HSV strains in East Africa. Until the recent availability of 26 full-length HSV-1 and 36 full-length HSV-2 sequences, minimal comparative information was available for these viruses. In this study, we use a variety of sequence analysis methods to compare all available sequence data for HSV-1 and HSV-2 glycoproteins, using viruses isolated in Europe, Asia, North America, the Republic of South Africa, and East Africa. We found numerous differences in diversity, nonsynonymous/synonymous substitution rates, and recombination rates between HSV-1 glycoproteins and their HSV-2 counterparts. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that while most global HSV-2 glycoprotein G sequences did not form clusters within or between continents, one clade (supported at 60.5%) contained 37% of the African sequences analyzed. Accordingly, sequences from this African subset contained unique amino acid signatures, not only in glycoprotein G, but also in glycoproteins I and E, which may account for the failure of sensitive antibody tests to distinguish HSV-1 from HSV-2 in some African individuals. Consensus sequences generated in the study can be used to improve diagnostic assays that differentiate HSV-1 from HSV-2 in global populations.IMPORTANCEHuman herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) are large DNA viruses associated with recurring oral or genital erosions that transmit virus. Up to 12 HSV-1 and HSV-2 glycoproteins are involved in HSV cell entry or are required for viral spread in animals, albeit some are dispensable for replicationin vitro. The recent availability of comparable numbers of full-length HSV-1 and HSV-2 sequences enabled comparative analysis of gene diversity of glycoproteins within and between HSV types. Overall, we found less glycoprotein sequence diversity within HSV-2 than within the HSV-1 strains studied, while at the same time, several HSV-2 glycoproteins were evolving under less selective pressure. Because HSV glycoproteins are the focus of antibody tests to detect and differentiate between infections with the two strains and are constituents of vaccines in clinical-stage development, these findings will aid in refining the targets for diagnostic tests and vaccines.

scholarly journals Characterization of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Pseudotypes Bearing Essential Entry Glycoproteins gB, gD, gH, and gL of Herpes Simplex Virus 1

2016 ◽  
Vol 90 (22) ◽  
pp. 10321-10328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry B. Rogalin ◽  
Ekaterina E. Heldwein
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Membrane Fusion ◽  
Viral Envelope ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 ◽  
Herpes Simplex Viruses ◽  
Systematic Exploration ◽  
Vesicular Stomatitis ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
First Time ◽  
Hsv 1

ABSTRACTHerpes simplex viruses (HSVs) are unusual in that unlike most enveloped viruses, they require at least four entry glycoproteins, gB, gD, gH, and gL, for entry into target cells in addition to a cellular receptor for gD. The dissection of the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) entry mechanism is complicated by the presence of more than a dozen proteins on the viral envelope. To investigate HSV-1 entry requirements in a simplified system, we generated vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) virions pseudotyped with HSV-1 essential entry glycoproteins gB, gD, gH, and gL but lacking the native VSV fusogen G. These virions, referred to here as VSVΔG-BHLD virions, infected a cell line expressing a gD receptor, demonstrating for the first time that the four essential entry glycoproteins of HSV-1 are not only required but also sufficient for cell entry. To our knowledge, this is the first time the VSV pseudotyping system has been successfully extended beyond two proteins. Entry of pseudotyped virions required a gD receptor and was inhibited by HSV-1 specific anti-gB or anti-gH/gL neutralizing antibodies, which suggests that membrane fusion during the entry of the pseudotyped virions shares common requirements with the membrane fusion involved in HSV-1 entry and HSV-1-mediated syncytium formation. The HSV pseudotyping system established in this study presents a novel tool for systematic exploration of the HSV entry and membrane fusion mechanisms.IMPORTANCEHerpes simplex viruses (HSVs) are human pathogens that can cause cold sores, genital herpes, and blindness. No vaccines or preventatives are available. HSV entry into cells—a prerequisite for a successful infection—is a complex process that involves multiple viral and host proteins and occurs by different routes. Detailed mechanistic knowledge of the HSV entry is important for understanding its pathogenesis and would benefit antiviral and vaccine development, yet the presence of more than a dozen proteins on the viral envelope complicates the dissection of the HSV entry mechanisms. In this study, we generated heterologous virions displaying the four essential entry proteins of HSV-1 and showed that they are capable of cell entry and, like HSV-1, require all four entry glycoproteins along with a gD receptor. This HSV pseudotyping system pioneered in this work opens doors for future systematic exploration of the herpesvirus entry mechanisms.

scholarly journals The Epstein-Barr Virus SM Protein Is Functionally Similar to ICP27 from Herpes Simplex Virus in Viral Infections

2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (18) ◽  
pp. 9420-9433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie L. Boyer ◽  
Sankar Swaminathan ◽  
Saul J. Silverstein
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Sm Protein ◽  
Hsv 1

ABSTRACT The herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) ICP27 protein is an essential RNA-binding protein that shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm to increase the cytoplasmic accumulation of viral late mRNAs. ICP27 homologs have been identified in each of the herpesvirus subfamilies, and accumulating evidence indicates that homologs from the gammaherpesvirus subfamily function similarly to ICP27. In particular, the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) SM protein posttranscriptionally regulates gene expression, binds RNA in vitro and in vivo, and shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm. To determine if these two proteins function through a common mechanism, the ability of EBV SM to complement the growth defect of an HSV-1 ICP27-null virus was examined in a transient-expression assay. ICP27 stimulated the growth of the null mutant more efficiently than did SM, but the ability of SM to compensate for the ICP27 defects suggests conservation of common functions. To assay for complementation in the context of a viral infection, the growth properties of an HSV recombinant expressing SM in an ICP27-null background were analyzed. SM stimulated growth of the recombinant, although this growth was reduced by comparison to that of an ICP27-expressing virus. By contrast, an HSV recombinant expressing an SM mutant allele defective for transactivation activity and nucleocytoplasmic shuttling did not grow at all. These results suggest that SM and ICP27 may regulate gene expression through a common pathway that is evolutionarily conserved in herpesviruses.

Essential Oils for the Treatment of Herpes Simplex Virus Infections

Chemotherapy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Schnitzler
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Synthetic Drugs ◽  
Cell Adsorption ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hsv 1

Infections with herpes simplex virus type (HSV)-1 and HSV-2 are distributed worldwide. Although standard therapies with acyclovir and other synthetic drugs are available, the safety and efficacy of these drugs are limited due to the development of drug resistance and adverse side effects. The literature on essential oils and isolated compounds was reviewed regarding their antiviral activities against HSV-1 and HSV-2. The present overview aims to review experimental data and clinical trials focusing on the antiviral activity of selected essential oils and isolated oil components. HSV was found to be susceptible to many essential oils and their constituents. Whereas some essential oils and compounds exhibit direct virucidal activity or inhibit intracellular replication, many essential oils and compounds interact with HSV particles thereby inhibiting cell adsorption. Ayclovir-resistant HSV strains are also susceptible to essential oils since their mode of action is different from the synthetic drug. There are numerous publications on the antiherpetic activity of essential oils and their isolated active compounds. This field of research is still growing, and more clinical trials are required to explore the full potential of different essential oils for the topical treatment of herpetic infections.

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