scholarly journals Experiencias en el uso de la transferencia de embriones para crear un hato Girolando en Pococí, Costa Rica

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-208
Author(s):  
Roger Molina-Coto ◽  
Juan Ignacio Herrera-Muñoz ◽  
Carlos Arroyo-Oquendo ◽  
Daniel Carballo-Guerrero
Keyword(s):  

Durante los años 2012-2017 se aplicó la técnica de multiovulación y transferencia de embriones (MOET) en animales Holstein y Girolando F1 en la Unidad de Reproducción Animal (URA), de la Escuela de Zootecnia de la Universidad de Costa Rica, para la creación y evaluación de un hato Girolando en las condiciones del Atlántico costarricense. Las hembras donantes de embriones se seleccionaron tanto en fincas externas como en la URA. La selección en fincas externas se realizó a través de la información de los registros de raza y de finca, mientras que en URA, a través de los datos de lactancia y desarrollo de las crías. Además, se realizó una estimación parcial de costos para la producción de embriones. En los animales evaluados en URA, como parte del análisis para la selección de donantes de embriones, el promedio de producción diaria de leche fue de 11,1 kg, con una duración de la lactancia promedio de 296 días, a 1 ordeño diario y con ternero al pie. El destete de las crías se realizó a los 7 meses de edad, con un peso promedio de las crías de 255 kg (promedio de 244 kg en hembras y 262 kg en machos). En total, tanto en URA como en fincas externas, se realizaron 38 colectas en 24 donadoras seleccionadas, de las cuales se colectaron 381 estructuras, un 73,5 % fertilizadas y un 26,5 % infertilizadas. De aquellas estructuras fertilizadas (embriones), un 47,3% fueron consideradas transferibles (calidad 1 y 2 de acuerdo a la Sociedad Internacional de Transferencia de Embriones, IETS), para un promedio general de 4,8 embriones transferibles por colecta. Se realizaron 83 transferencias de embrión en fresco y 34 transferencias de embriones congelados, de los cuales se obtuvo tasas de preñez de 33,7% (28/83) y 5,9% (2/34), respectivamente. Las bajas tasas de preñez obtenidas, comparadas con lo visto en literatura, no son resultados normales, pero son las relacionadas con este estudio en particular. El costo para producir un embrión, por concepto de productos consumibles, hormonales y semen fue de US$62,5 dólares. La producción y transferencia de embriones colaboró en la creación y desarrollo del hato Girolando de la Unidad de Reproducción Animal de la Universidad de Costa Rica.

Author(s):  
O. E. Bradfute

Maize rayado fino virus (MRFV) causes a severe disease of corn (Zea mays) in many locations throughout the neotropics and as far north as southern U.S. MRFV particles detected by direct electron microscopy of negatively stained sap from infected leaves are not necessarily distinguishable from many other small isometric viruses infecting plants (Fig. 1).Immunosorbent trapping of virus particles on antibody-coated grids and the antibody coating or decoration of trapped virus particles, was used to confirm the identification of MRFV. Antiserum to MRFV was supplied by R. Gamez (Centro de Investigacion en Biologia Celular y Molecular, Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria, Costa Rica).Virus particles, appearing as a continuous lawn, were trapped on grids coated with MRFV antiserum (Fig. 2-4). In contrast, virus particles were infrequently found on grids not exposed to antiserum or grids coated with normal rabbit serum (similar to Fig. 1). In Fig. 3, the appearance of the virus particles (isometric morphology, 30 nm diameter, stain penetration of some particles, and morphological subunits in other particles) is characteristic of negatively stained MRFV particles. Decoration or coating of these particles with MRFV antiserum confirms their identification as MRFV (Fig. 4).


2001 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Clémence ◽  
Thierry Devos ◽  
Willem Doise

Social representations of human rights violations were investigated in a questionnaire study conducted in five countries (Costa Rica, France, Italy, Romania, and Switzerland) (N = 1239 young people). We were able to show that respondents organize their understanding of human rights violations in similar ways across nations. At the same time, systematic variations characterized opinions about human rights violations, and the structure of these variations was similar across national contexts. Differences in definitions of human rights violations were identified by a cluster analysis. A broader definition was related to critical attitudes toward governmental and institutional abuses of power, whereas a more restricted definition was rooted in a fatalistic conception of social reality, approval of social regulations, and greater tolerance for institutional infringements of privacy. An atypical definition was anchored either in a strong rejection of social regulations or in a strong condemnation of immoral individual actions linked with a high tolerance for governmental interference. These findings support the idea that contrasting definitions of human rights coexist and that these definitions are underpinned by a set of beliefs regarding the relationships between individuals and institutions.


2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (S 01) ◽  
pp. S28-S31 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Arroyo ◽  
L. Salazar-Sánchez ◽  
G. Jiménez-Cruz ◽  
P. Chaverri ◽  
E. Arrieta-Bolaños ◽  
...  

SummaryHaemophilia is the most frequent hereditary haemorrhagic illness and it is due to the deficiency of coagulation factors VIII (haemophilia A, HA) or IX (haemophilia B, HB).The prevalence of this disease varies according to the country, those having better survival rates having also higher prevalences. Specifically in Costa Rica, there are around 130 HA and 30 HB families. This study reports the prevalence and a spatial distribution analysis of both types of the disease in this country. The prevalence of haemophilia in this country is 7 cases per 100 000 men, for HA it is 6 cases per 100 000 and for HB it is 1 case per 100 000 male inhabitants. The prevalence of this disease is low when compared with other populations. This low prevalence could be due to the many patients that have died because of infection with human immunodeficiency virus during the 1980s. The prevalence of haemophilia in Costa Rica is almost one half of that present in developed countries. Nevertheless, the ratio between HA and HB follows world tendency: 5 : 1. In this study, nationwide geographical distribution maps were drawn in order to visualize the origin of severe cases and how this influences the pattern of distribution for both types of haemophilia. By means of these maps, it was possible to state that there is no association between the sites of maximum prevalence of mutated alleles and ethnicity. With this study, haemophilia prevalence distribution maps can be used to improve efforts for the establishment of hemophilia clinics or specialized health centers in those areas which hold the highest prevalences in this country. Also, this knowledge can be applied to improve treatment skills and offer the possibility of developing focused genetic counseling for these populations.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marino Protti ◽  
◽  
Nathan Bangs ◽  
Peter Baumgartner ◽  
Donald Fisher ◽  
...  

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