Microwave Treatment of Hazardous Wastes: Physical Chemical Mechanisms

ABSTRACTThe objective Is to develop processes to treat hazardous waste streams using microwave treatment. First, physical chemical mechanisms have been posited for a variety, of such waste streams including: soils contaminated with organics, and toxic heavy metals; “spent” GAC; organics in the gas phase. Second, feasibility tests are being carried out to determine if on-site field testing is warranted. In the case of microwave-induced steam distillation of volatile and semivolatile organics, pilot plant stuides indicate that the incident power cost is not prohibitive: that fear of prohibitive power costs has been thought to be the major drawback for micrwave treatment to become a competitive technology in this market.

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Myelin can't change the basic mechanisms of axonal conduction

10.7287/peerj.preprints.3409 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Alessandro M Morelli ◽

Isabella Panfoli

Keyword(s):

Neuronal Activity ◽

Nerve Conduction ◽

Conduction Mechanism ◽

Chemical Mechanisms ◽

Axonal Conduction ◽

Physical Chemical ◽

Myelinated Nerves ◽

New Hypothesis ◽

Precise Role

We propose a new hypothesis about the physical-chemical mechanisms of nerve conduction in myelinated nerves, tending to bridge the theoretical gap existing to date between the basic neuronal activity and its adaptation to myelination. All the considerations imply a simplification of the underlying theories, identifying a precise role for myelin. The ATP-supplying energetic role for myelin allows to overcome the theories that have not yet found a physical-chemical solid confirmation. A radical simplification of nerve conduction mechanism is envisaged: it can be supposed that this mechanism remains unaltered in the passage from the unmyelinated to the myelinated conditions.

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Systems Based on Physical-Chemical Processes

Technologies for the Treatment and Recovery of Nutrients from Industrial Wastewater - Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-1037-6.ch003 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 43-75

Author(s):

August Bonmatí-Blasi ◽

Míriam Cerrillo-Moreno ◽

Victor Riau-Arenas

Keyword(s):

Membrane Separation ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

High Strength ◽

Resource Depletion ◽

Nutrient Content ◽

Chemical Processes ◽

Waste Streams ◽

Physical Chemical ◽

Soil Emissions ◽

Struvite Precipitation

High strength waste streams, namely rejected water from a wastewater treatment plant, livestock slurry, and agro-food wastewater, are characterized by its high organic matter and nutrient content which favours processes aiming to recover energy and nutrients, instead of removing them. In this regard physical-chemical processes are suitable technologies to attain these objectives. Among others, stripping coupled with absorption, struvite precipitation, membrane separation, and vacuum evaporation, are all physical-chemical processes aiming to concentrate nutrients in a stream that can later be reused as fertilizer. In this chapter the main physical-chemical processes will be defined and described in terms of the objective of each process technique, their theoretical fundamentals, environmental effects (air, water and soil emissions, resource depletion), technical indicators (efficiencies, energy consumption, etc.), and by-product characteristics.

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FTIR analysis of chemical changes in wood induced by steaming and longitudinal compression

Cellulose ◽

10.1007/s10570-020-03131-8 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 (12) ◽

pp. 6811-6829 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mátyás Báder ◽

Róbert Németh ◽

Jakub Sandak ◽

Anna Sandak

Keyword(s):

Functional Groups ◽

Cell Walls ◽

Beech Wood ◽

Industrial Applications ◽

Structural Elements ◽

Longitudinal Compression ◽

Chemical Mechanisms ◽

Modification Process ◽

Physical Chemical ◽

Detailed Interpretation

Abstract Pleating is an optimal way to increase bendability of wood used in diverse industrial applications. It results in the excessive buckling of cell walls and modifications of constitutive polymers. However, thoughtful understanding of the physical–chemical mechanisms of that modification process is very limited. The main purpose of the present study was to identify changes in functional groups of wood polymers induced by longitudinal compression. Four types of wood samples prepared from beech and sessile oak (untreated, steamed, longitudinally compressed and fixated for 1 min as well as longitudinally compressed and fixated for 18 h) were assessed by infrared spectroscopy. The spectra interpretation revealed that changes can be observed in hydroxyl as well as in carbon–oxygen single and carbon-hydrogen functional groups of polysaccharides and lignin. Beech wood seems to be more susceptible to investigated modification processes as compared to oak. Detailed interpretation of infrared spectra allows identification of changes in the hygroscopicity of wood as well as alterations in the linkage between structural elements in the polymer matrix of wood induced by the applied treatments. Graphic Abstract

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Captive Power Generation : What are the Economics ?

Vikalpa The Journal for Decision Makers ◽

10.1177/0256090919870206 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 47-56 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

V Ranganathan ◽

Damodar Mall

Keyword(s):

Power Generation ◽

Power Supply ◽

Power Plants ◽

Power Cost ◽

Reliable Power Supply ◽

Power Costs

Galloping demand for power and mounting constraints in its generation have forced electricity boards all over the country to impose power cuts. User industries have been forced to go for captive power plants to tide over the situation. In this article, V Ranganathan and Damodar Mall compare captive power and grid power costs in Karnataka. At the observed low utilization of between 6 and 20 per cent, captive power cost is Rs 1.95 while grid power cost is only 31 paise per KWH. The authors argue that the user industries should pursue the options of cooperative generation of power or become a financing partner with the electricity boards for assured and reliable power supply.

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A Rapid Greenhouse Screening Method to Identify St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum) Accessions Resistant to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.49.1.31 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

pp. 31-34 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Vincent V. Michel ◽

Nicole Debrunner ◽

Xavier Simonnet

Keyword(s):

Hypericum Perforatum ◽

Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽

Early Stage ◽

Screening Method ◽

Field Testing ◽

St John’S Wort ◽

St John's Wort ◽

Site Field ◽

Greenhouse Screening ◽

Highly Correlated

Anthracnose is a major production constraint for st. john’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) caused by the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.). A greenhouse screening method based on mortality was developed to eliminate accessions susceptible to anthracnose in the early stage of breeding for resistant cultivars. The mortality of 22 accessions of st. john’s wort artificially inoculated with a strain of C. gloeosporioides was highly correlated between three greenhouse experiments (r = 0.799 to 0.923), even when done at two different places. The response of the greenhouse screening was equally highly correlated to the mortality in the field tested at two sites naturally infested with C. gloeosporioides (r = 0.700 to 0.865) but less well correlated with the mortality at a third field site (r = 0.495 to 0.672). Yield of st. john’s wort was highly correlated with mortality (r = –0.747 to –0.846) at all three field sites, but a significant interaction between accession and site was observed. Therefore, an improvement of anthracnose resistance of st. john’s wort should be based on a greenhouse screening of seedlings followed by multiple-site field testing of adult plants.

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Characterization of Sewage Sludge for Quality Assessment and Its Safe Utilization in Agriculture

Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology ◽

10.9734/cjast/2021/v40i2531511 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 28-35

Author(s):

Surendra Singh Jatav ◽

Satish Kumar Singh ◽

Abhik Patra ◽

Hanuman Singh Jatav ◽

Kiran Kumar Mohapatra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Sewage Sludge ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Environmental Concern ◽

Biochemical Properties ◽

Agricultural Field ◽

Soil Environment ◽

Toxic Heavy Metals ◽

Soil Application ◽

Physical Chemical

The current investigation was undertaken to explore the physico-biochemical properties of sewage sludge (SS) and its feasible application in agricultural field as an organic manure as source of nutrients with to solve the environmental concern. Sewage sludge samples were collected from sewage treatment plants (STP), Bhagwanpur, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India and passed through a 2 mm sieve for further analysis of different physical, chemical and biological parameters. The treated sewage sludge consists of both major and micro nutrients along with a good amount of organic matter. Application of this sewage sludge has the ability to enhance the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil which is beneficial for plant growth and development sustainable soil environment. However, it also contains some amount of toxic heavy metals and organic pollutants that can adversely affect soil environment depending on the origin source of sewage sludge, and treatment process of sewage sludge. Furthermore, the toxic elements go through the food chain due to its uptake and accumulation by crops posing a possible threat to human health. Sewage sludge application in soil offers essential nutrients particularly for plant growth, maintains the organic carbon in soil and decreases environmental concern with economic factors that restrict landfill or incineration disposal of sewage sludge. However, a careful assessment of the characteristics of sewage sludge is required prior to its soil application to improve the soil health without causing environmental hazard. The SS analyzed in the present study had heavy metals content but was within permissible limits as resulted its suitable for soil application as source of nutrients.

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Repressive agent defections: How power, costs, and uncertainty influence military behavior and state repression

Conflict Management and Peace Science ◽

10.1177/0738894219881433 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 36 (6) ◽

pp. 591-607

Author(s):

Kimberly R Frugé

Keyword(s):

Formal Model ◽

Executive Power ◽

State Repression ◽

Power Cost ◽

The Face ◽

Power Costs

Leaders are incentivized to repress in the face of mobilized dissent. However, leaders are unable to repress alone and rely on repressive agents, who can shirk the order and weaken the leader’s control. I use a formal model to analyze when the leader can use repression strategically to avoid defection, based on leader type. Each type has incentives to repress to distort the leader’s risk of removal and thus deter defection. Power, cost, and uncertainty are important in both the leader’s and the agent’s decision to repress. Testable hypotheses reveal how executive power and punishment influence the level of repression.

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