In Situ Sensors for CIGS Deposition and Manufacture

2005 ◽  
Vol 865 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.L Repins ◽  
N. Gomez ◽  
L. Simpson ◽  
B. Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Process Control ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Control Optimization ◽  
Current State ◽  
In Situ Sensors ◽  
Industrial Environments ◽  
In Situ Diagnostics

AbstractIn situ sensors are an important tool for process control, optimization, and documentation, both in the laboratory and industrial environments. Their further application to deposition of CuInxGa1-xSe2 (CIGS) for photovoltaics is particularly important, as record device efficiencies produced in the laboratory have yet to be replicated in manufacturing. This paper provides an overview of the current state of the art of in situ diagnostics for devices based on coevaporated CIGS.

scholarly journals Climate-dependent propagation of precipitation uncertainty into the water cycle

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Fallah ◽  
Sungmin O ◽  
Rene Orth
Keyword(s):  
Hydrological Model ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Current State ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Conceptual Hydrological Model

Abstract. Precipitation is a crucial variable for hydro-meteorological applications. Unfortunately, rain gauge measurements are sparse and unevenly distributed, which substantially hampers the use of in-situ precipitation data in many regions of the world. The increasing availability of high-resolution gridded precipitation products presents a valuable alternative, especially over gauge-sparse regions. Nevertheless, uncertainties and corresponding differences across products can limit the applicability of these data. This study examines the usefulness of current state-of-the-art precipitation datasets in hydrological modelling. For this purpose, we force a conceptual hydrological model with multiple precipitation datasets in > 200 European catchments. We consider a wide range of precipitation products, which are generated via (1) interpolation of gauge measurements (E-OBS and GPCC V.2018), (2) combination of multiple sources (MSWEP V2) and (3) data assimilation into reanalysis models (ERA-Interim, ERA5, and CFSR). For each catchment, runoff and evapotranspiration simulations are obtained by forcing the model with the various precipitation products. Evaluation is done at the monthly time scale during the period of 1984–2007. We find that simulated runoff values are highly dependent on the accuracy of precipitation inputs, and thus show significant differences between the simulations. By contrast, simulated evapotranspiration is generally much less influenced. The results are further analysed with respect to different hydro-climatic regimes. We find that the impact of precipitation uncertainty on simulated runoff increases towards wetter regions, while the opposite is observed in the case of evapotranspiration. Finally, we perform an indirect performance evaluation of the precipitation datasets by comparing the runoff simulations with streamflow observations. Thereby, E-OBS yields the best agreement, while furthermore ERA5, GPCC V.2018 and MSWEP V2 show good performance. In summary, our findings highlight a climate-dependent propagation of precipitation uncertainty through the water cycle; while runoff is strongly impacted in comparatively wet regions such as Central Europe, there are increasing implications on evapotranspiration towards drier regions.

Estimation of Liquefaction Potential by in Situ Methods

1995 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven D. Glaser ◽  
Riley M. Chung
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Velocity ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Penetration Test ◽  
Liquefaction Potential ◽  
Current State ◽  
Undisturbed Samples ◽  
In Situ Methods

This report examines the state-of-the-art of in situ methods of estimating liquefaction potential in sands. In situ methods are especially important since “undisturbed” samples of loose sand for laboratory testing are virtually unobtainable. Various penetration test methods are examined, such as the SPT, DMT, and the CPT and variants. These methods are completely empirical in nature, and have worked well to date. The current state-of-practice is an SPT-based method. Intrusive, seismic-based tests are also examined: the cross-hole, down-hole tests, and down-hole logger. The seismic velocity-based predictors have a stronger physical basis than the penetration test-based estimation methods, but need a larger database. A non-intrusive test, the Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves technique, seems especially suited for examining sites of large areal extent.

Identification of the dynamic properties of a reinforced concrete coupled shear wall residential high-rise building

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 631-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natthapong Areemit ◽  
Michael Montgomery ◽  
Constantin Christopoulos ◽  
Agha Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Shear Wall ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
High Rise ◽  
Coupled Shear Wall ◽  
Current State

As high-rise buildings increase with height and slenderness, they become increasingly sensitive to dynamic vibrations, and therefore the natural frequency of vibration and damping ratio are very important design parameters, as they directly impact the design wind forces. Recent advances in sensing and computing technology have made it possible to monitor the dynamic behaviour of full-scale structures, which was not possible in the past. Full-scale validation of the dynamic properties is useful for high-rise designers to verify design assumptions, especially since recent measurements have shown that damping decreases as the height of the building increases, and in situ damping measurements have been lower than many currently assumed design values, potentially leading to unconservative designs. A 50-storey residential building in downtown Toronto, with a reinforced concrete coupled shear wall lateral load resisting system with outriggers was monitored using current state-of-the-art sensing technologies and techniques to determine, in situ, the dynamic properties under real wind loads. The in situ measurements were then compared with results obtained using current state-of-the-art computer modelling techniques.

scholarly journals Climate-dependent propagation of precipitation uncertainty into the water cycle

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Fallah Maraghi ◽  
Sungmin Oh ◽  
Rene Orth
Keyword(s):  
Hydrological Modeling ◽  
Hydrological Model ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Current State ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

<p>Precipitation is a crucial variable for hydro-meteorological applications. Unfortunately, rain gauge measurements are sparse and unevenly distributed, which substantially hampers the use of in-situ precipitation data in many regions of the world. The increasing availability of high-resolution gridded precipitation products presents a valuable alternative, especially over gauge-sparse regions. Nevertheless, uncertainties and corresponding differences across products can limit the applicability of these data. This study examines the usefulness of current state-of-the-art precipitation datasets in hydrological modeling. For this purpose, we force a conceptual hydrological model with multiple precipitation datasets in >200 European catchments. We consider a wide range of precipitation products, which are generated via (1) interpolation of gauge measurements (E-OBS and GPCC V.2018), (2) data assimilation into reanalysis models (ERA-Interim, ERA5, and CFSR) and (3) combination of multiple sources (MSWEP V2). For each catchment, runoff and evapotranspiration simulations are obtained by forcing the model with the various precipitation products. Evaluation is done at the monthly time scale during the period of 1984-2007. We find that simulated runoff values are highly dependent on the accuracy of precipitation inputs, and thus show significant differences between the simulations. By contrast, simulated evapotranspiration is generally much less influenced. The results are further analysed with respect to different hydro-climatic regimes. We find that the impact of precipitation uncertainty on simulated runoff increases towards wetter regions, while the opposite is observed in the case of evapotranspiration. Finally, we perform an indirect performance evaluation of the precipitation datasets by comparing the runoff simulations with streamflow observations. Thereby, E-OBS yields the best agreement, while furthermore ERA5, GPCC V.2018 and MSWEP V2 show good performance. In summary, our findings highlight a climate-dependent propagation of precipitation uncertainty through the water cycle; while runoff is strongly impacted in comparatively wet regions such as Central Europe, there are increasing implications on evapotranspiration towards drier regions.</p>

scholarly journals In-Situ Sensors for Process Control of CuIn(Ga)Se2 Module Deposition; Annual Technical Report, 15 February 1998-15 February 1999

10.2172/14424 ◽  
1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
P K Bhat ◽  
B Carpenter ◽  
I L Eisgruber ◽  
R Hollingsworth ◽  
C Marshall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Process Control ◽  
Technical Report ◽  
In Situ Sensors
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