Ultraviolet (280-400 nm)-induced DNA Damage in the Eggs and Larvae of Calanus finmarchicus G. (Copepoda) and Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) ¶

2007 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard I. Browman ◽  
Russell D. Vetter ◽  
Carolina Alonso Rodriguez ◽  
John J. Cullen ◽  
Richard F. Davis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Calanus Finmarchicus ◽  
Eggs And Larvae

Ultraviolet (280–400 nm)–induced DNA Damage in the Eggs and Larvae of Calanus finmarchicus G. (Copepoda) and Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua)¶

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard I. Browman ◽  
Russell D. Vetter ◽  
Carolina Alonso Rodriguez ◽  
John J. Cullen ◽  
Richard F. Davis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Calanus Finmarchicus ◽  
Eggs And Larvae

scholarly journals Effect of solar ultraviolet radiation (280–400 nm) on the eggs and larvae of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

1999 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 1058-1067 ◽  
Author(s):  
France Béland ◽  
Howard I Browman ◽  
Carolina Alonso Rodriguez ◽  
Jean-François St-Pierre
Keyword(s):  
Water Column ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Outdoor Exposure ◽  
Ultraviolet B ◽  
Solar Ultraviolet Radiation ◽  
Mortality Effect ◽  
Eggs And Larvae ◽  
Very High ◽  
Solar Ultraviolet

In the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada, solar ultraviolet B radiation (UV-B, 280-320 nm) penetrates a significant percentage of the summer mixed-layer water column: organisms residing in this layer, such as the eggs of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), are exposed to UV-B. In outdoor exposure experiments, Atlantic cod eggs were incubated in the presence versus the absence of UV-B and (or) UV-A (320-400 nm). We tested two hypotheses: H1, UV-B induces mortality in Atlantic cod eggs, and H2, UV-A either exacerbates or mitigates any such UV-B-induced mortality. Hypothesis H1 was supported: there was a significant mortality effect on Atlantic cod eggs exposed to UV-B at the surface and at a depth of 50 cm. Hypothesis H2 was not supported: there was no effect of UV-A. These experiments indicate that Atlantic cod eggs present in the first metre of the water column (likely only a small percentage of the total egg population) are susceptible to UV-B. However, UV-B must be viewed as only one among many environmental factors that produce the very high levels of mortality typically observed in the planktonic early life stages of marine fishes.

Oxidative stress, DNA damage and p53 expression in the larvae of atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) exposed to ultraviolet (290–400 nm) radiation

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.P. Lesser ◽  
J.H. Farrell ◽  
C.W. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Dna Damage ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Gulf Of Maine ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Growth Arrest ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Cellular Growth ◽  
Pyrimidine Dimer ◽  
Uvb Radiation

Decreases in stratospheric ozone levels from anthropogenic inputs of chlorinated fluorocarbons have resulted in an increased amount of harmful ultraviolet-B (UVB, 290–320 nm) radiation reaching the sea surface in temperate latitudes (30–50 degrees N). In the Gulf of Maine, present-day irradiances of ultraviolet-A (UVA, 320–400 nm) radiation can penetrate to depths of 23 m and UVB radiation can penetrate to depths of 7–12 m, where the rapidly developing embryos and larvae of the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) are known to occur. Laboratory exposures of embryos and larvae of Atlantic cod to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) equivalent to a depth of approximately 10 m in the Gulf of Maine resulted in significant mortality of developing embryos and a decrease in standard length at hatching for yolk-sac larvae. Larvae at the end of the experimental period also had lower concentrations of UVR-absorbing compounds and exhibited significantly greater damage to their DNA, measured as cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer formation, after exposure to UVB radiation. Larvae exposed to UVB radiation also exhibited significantly higher activities and protein concentrations of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase and significantly higher concentrations of the transcriptional activator p53. p53 is expressed in response to DNA damage and can result in cellular growth arrest in the G1- to S-phase of the cell cycle or to programmed cell death (apoptosis). Cellular death caused by apoptosis is the most likely cause of mortality in embryos and larvae in these laboratory experiments, while the smaller size at hatching in those larvae that survived is caused by permanent cellular growth arrest in response to DNA damage. In addition, the sub-lethal energetic costs of repairing DNA damage or responding to oxidative stress may also contribute to poor individual performance in surviving larvae that could also lead to increases in mortality. The irradiances of UVB radiation that elicit these responses in cod larvae can occur in many temperate latitudes, where these ecologically and commercially important fish are known to spawn, and may contribute to the high mortality of cod embryos and larvae in their natural environment.

Biochemical composition and performance of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) eggs and larvae obtained from farmed and wild broodstocks

Aquaculture ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 324-325 ◽  
pp. 267-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Frederico Ceccon Lanes ◽  
Teshome Tilahun Bizuayehu ◽  
Sylvie Bolla ◽  
Camila Martins ◽  
Jorge Manuel de Oliveira Fernandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Composition ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Eggs And Larvae

Survival of Northern Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) Eggs and Larvae when Exposed to Ice and Low Temperature

1992 ◽  
Vol 49 (12) ◽  
pp. 2588-2595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul F. Valerio ◽  
Sally V. Goddard ◽  
Ming H. Kao ◽  
Garth L. Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Newfoundland And Labrador ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Ice Crystals ◽  
Freeze Resistance ◽  
Northern Cod ◽  
Northern Atlantic ◽  
Eggs And Larvae

Freeze resistance of eggs and larvae of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) from the northern cod stock was investigated to determine whether ice contact could affect survival during the spring spawning season off Newfoundland. Egg and larval homogenates did not appear to contain antifreeze proteins (mean freezing points −0.78 and −0.88 °C, respectively). However, cod eggs did not freeze at −1.8 °C in icy aerated seawater, could be undercooled to −4.0 °C in ice, and froze at temperatures between −4.1 and −1 7 °C; freeze resistance depended on the integrity of the chorion. Larvae withstood undercooling to −1.8 °C, provided they were not brought into direct contact with ice crystals, if directly touched with ice, larvae froze at −1.36 °C (feeding stage) or −1.34 °C (yolk-sac), approximately 0.5 °C lower than would be expected from the freezing temperatures of their body fluids. The nature of their external epithelium and delayed development of sensitive gill structures below 0 °C may contribute to larval freeze resistance. Cod eggs and larvae are found in spring off Newfoundland and Labrador, when sea temperatures can be as low as −1.8 °C and ice cover extensive. While cod eggs are remarkably freeze resistant, such environmental conditions may cause freezing mortalities in larval cod.

Distribution and drift of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) eggs and larvae on the northeast Newfoundland Shelf

1997 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 670-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Pepin ◽  
J A Helbig
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Surface Currents ◽  
Adult Fish ◽  
Northern Limit ◽  
Mean And Variance ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Eggs And Larvae

We present the results of a study designed to ascertain the importance of variations in transport of cod eggs and larvae on the northeast Newfoundland Shelf. The distribution of cod eggs and larvae is described from a series of ichthyoplankton surveys. The mean and variance in surface currents were estimated from five experiments in which clusters of drogued satellite-tracked drifters were released at the presumed northern limit of the stock's range. These data were used to project the patterns of drift both backward and forward in time and thus the possible sources and destinations of eggs and larvae. Considering the development from the youngest (stage I) to the oldest stages (larvae), we saw a north-to-south and an offshore-to-inshore progression in spatial patterns of spawning and a continuing increase in the overall level of dispersion with increasing age of offspring. The data do not support the hypothesis that coastal or offshore areas represent simple sources or sinks of cod eggs and larvae. Transport plays an important but highly variable role that is coupled to the spawning distribution of adult fish and the availability of suitable conditions or habitats when the young begin to undergo metamorphosis and settle.

Distribution and Abundance of Haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) and Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) Eggs and Larvae in the Waters off Southwest Nova Scotia

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (S1) ◽  
pp. s103-s112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter C. F. Hurley ◽  
Steven E. Campana
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Melanogrammus Aeglefinus ◽  
Eggs And Larvae ◽  
Haddock Melanogrammus Aeglefinus ◽  
Egg Abundance

Synoptic ichthyoplankton surveys conducted at monthly intervals during the winter–spring of 1983–85 were used to determine the location, timing, and magnitude of spawning by haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) off southwest Nova Scotia. There was a marked similarity in the spawning locations of the two species: primary spawning occurred on Browns Bank, although lower levels of spawning were observed on adjacent banks and in the inshore region. Cod egg abundance peaked in April in all years, while that of haddock varied between April–June.

scholarly journals Risk of oil contamination of fish eggs and larvae under different oceanic and weather conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 1902-1916 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette Samuelsen ◽  
Ute Daewel ◽  
Cecilie Wettre
Keyword(s):  
Interannual Variability ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Oil Contamination ◽  
Drift Model ◽  
High Risk Situation ◽  
Eggs And Larvae

Abstract An oil drift model is applied to determine the spread of oil spills from different locations along ship lanes off southern Norway every month for 20 years. These results are combined with results from an egg- and larvae drift model for Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) to determine their risk of being impacted by oil. The number of eggs and larvae exposed to oil contamination is connected to environmental conditions. The highest risk of overlap between an oil spill and cod in early life stages occurs during March and April when the eggs and larvae concentrations are highest. Spills off the west coast pose a greater risk because of the ship lanes’ proximity to the spawning grounds, but there is large interannual variability. For some spill locations the interannual variability can be explained by variability in wind and ocean currents. Simultaneously occurring onshore transports lead to a high-risk situation because both oil and larvae are concentrated towards the coast. This study demonstrates how results from oil drift and biological models can be combined to estimate the risks of oil contamination for marine organisms, based on the location and timing of the oil spill, weather/ocean conditions, and knowledge of the organisms’ life cycle.

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