Impact of Packaging  on Bread Physical and Chemical Properties

The present work presents a packaging system that slows down the degrading and ageing processes of bakery products as well as mould appearance. There have been selected three packing methods: the packing in PE folio, PP folio, PP punched folio and the packing in a small bag specially designed to preserve bakery products. The selection has been done function of physical – mechanic and chemical properties of the packaging materials and according to the requirements of a good preservation of the packed product. The PE folio has a good mechanical resistance, a good permeability to gases and a high impermeability to water vapors. The PP folio has a greater contraction, a better transparency and better mechanical properties than the polyethylene. The permeability to water and gas vapors is lower than that of the polyethylene. The complex material based on textile / PE has superior physical and chemical properties and a high impermeability to moisture, gas and flavors. The experimental bread packaging methods prove a tight link among the permeability to water vapors, the duration of the product freshness and the mould appearance. The specially designed small bag made of two cotton lays and one polyethylene lay preserves the freshness of sliced bread, because the bread does not get dry or wet. After a 7-day storage period, the contamination degree with Penicillium frequetans of the sample packed in PP punched folio is of 5%. The contamination degree with Penicillium nigricans and frequetans of the sample packed in PP folio is of 85%. The sample packed in the cotton bag is 10% contaminated with Aspergillus fumigates, and the one packed in polyethylene folio is 20% contaminated with Aspergillus versicolor and Penicillium frequetans.

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ALTERATIONS IN SOIL PROPERTIES INDUCED BY PASSIVE RESTORATION BY Clidemia urceolata DC IN THE ATLANTIC RAINFOREST OF BRAZIL

FLORESTA ◽

10.5380/rf.v48i4.57472 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 48 (4) ◽

pp. 583

Author(s):

Felipe Araujo Mateus ◽

Ricardo Valcarcel ◽

Mateus Marques Bueno ◽

Kenedy Donizete Ribeiro Da Mota

Keyword(s):

Rio De Janeiro ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Soil Restoration ◽

Mechanical Resistance ◽

Forest Site ◽

Physical And Chemical Properties ◽

Passive Restoration ◽

Federal Institute ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

And Chemical Properties

The passive restoration induced by nuclei of Clidemia urceolata affects the successional dynamics of ecosystems, and these in turn influence the physical and chemical characteristics of soils depleted by disturbed pastures, creating a positive synergy between the soil and the vegetation. This study evaluated the physical and chemical properties of the top 30 cm of the soil. This was carried out at the Federal Institute of Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Pinheiral Center, in the municipality of Pinheiral, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, at five sampling sites with similar soil and physical environments. All the sites were pastures abandoned for different periods: 3 years of passive restoration (Site 1), 8 years (i.e., in an initial stage of colonization by plants; Site 2), 14 years (i.e., in an intermediate stage of colonization by plants; Site 3), 19 years (i.e., in an advanced stage of colonization by plants; Site 4), and 34 years (i.e., covered by fragments of secondary forest; Site 5). The following parameters were measured in the center of each site: a) mechanical resistance of the soil to penetration, b) apparent density, c) total porosity, d) macroporosity, e) microporosity, f) hydraulic conductivity, and g) nutrient content. The greatest contrasts in soil data were registered between 0 and 10 cm of depth, demonstrating the soil restoration done by the vegetation during passive restoration over 34 years. The development of Clidemia urceolata after 14 years is a key determinant of soil recovery, which modified its physical and chemical properties and created conditions for the environment to permit the growth and development of tree species, and the formation of forest fragments in less than 34 years of passive restoration, with no need of any additional efforts for the restoration of the disturbed areas.

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Statistical criteria of stellar population types

Symposium - International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s0074180900053304 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 24 ◽

pp. 101-110

Author(s):

W. Iwanowska

Keyword(s):

Stellar Population ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Spectrophotometric Study ◽

Physical And Chemical Properties ◽

Population Type ◽

The Galaxy ◽

Distribution Parameters ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

Statistical Criteria ◽

And Chemical Properties

In connection with the spectrophotometric study of population-type characteristics of various kinds of stars, a statistical analysis of kinematical and distribution parameters of the same stars is performed at the Toruń Observatory. This has a twofold purpose: first, to provide a practical guide in selecting stars for observing programmes, second, to contribute to the understanding of relations existing between the physical and chemical properties of stars and their kinematics and distribution in the Galaxy.

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Only one sugar offers you such a variety of important physical and chemical properties

Chemical & Engineering News ◽

10.1021/cen-v037n007.p004 ◽

1959 ◽

Vol 37 (7) ◽

pp. 4

Keyword(s):

Chemical Properties ◽

Physical And Chemical Properties ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

And Chemical Properties

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Response of corn (Zea mays L.) to various organic-based fertilizers in marginal upland of Sta. Rita, Samar

Annals of Tropical Research ◽

10.32945/atr39sa3.2017 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 31-43

Author(s):

Berta Ratilla ◽

Loreme Cagande ◽

Othello Capuno

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Organic Fertilizers ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Physical And Chemical Properties ◽

Total N ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

And Chemical Properties

Organic farming is one of the management strategies that improve productivity of marginal uplands. The study aimed to: (1) evaluate effects of various organic-based fertilizers on the growth and yield of corn; (2) determine the appropriate combination for optimum yield; and (3) assess changes on the soil physical and chemical properties. Experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design, with 3 replications and 7 treatments, namely; T0=(0-0-0); T1=1t ha-1 Evans + 45-30-30kg N, P2O5, K2O ha-1; T2=t ha-1 Wellgrow + 45-30-30kg N, P2O5, K2O ha-1; T3=15t ha-1 chicken dung; T4=10t ha-1 chicken dung + 45-30-30kg N, P2O5, K2O ha-1; T5=15t ha-1 Vermicast; and T6=10t ha-1 Vermicast + 45-30-30kg N, P2O5, K2O ha-1. Application of organic-based fertilizers with or without inorganic fertilizers promoted growth of corn than the control. But due to high infestation of corn silk beetle(Monolepta bifasciata Horns), its grain yield was greatly affected. In the second cropping, except for Evans, any of these fertilizers applied alone or combined with 45-30-30kg N, P2O5, K2O ha-1 appeared appropriate in increasing corn earyield. Soil physical and chemical properties changed with addition of organic fertilizers. While bulk density decreased irrespective of treatments, pH, total N, available P and exchangeable K generally increased more with chicken dung application.

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