INTRODUCING EXHALED HUMAN BREATH WATER VAPOR AS PROPOSED MECHANISM INFLUENCING SUPERFICIAL CUTANEOUS WOUND HEALING

The concept that moist wounds heal faster than dry wounds was introduced in 1962. Most recently, in 1990 the concept was revisited with the introduction of a highly permeable wound dressing exposed to water vapors. The latter allows for water as a humidifying agent. Ideally, acceleration of superficial wound healing had been accomplished by the introduction of a highly water vapor permeable wound dressing. The breathable property allows for water vapor to interact with already present fibrin(ogen) material in blood clots. This manuscript adds a mechanism for the ultimate undisturbed success in cutaneous wound healing, being the dependency on a continuos supply of water vapor. In vitro experiments are introduced showing the cessation of exhaled human breath vapor onto a dry human blood smear as the end point of said interaction. Additionally the experiments were reproduced by exposing the blood smears to steam (water vapor) generated by machinery. In conclusion, exhaled human breath water vapor blown onto a blood clot has the same effect as water vapor emitted by machinery boiling water. Both causing a disappearance of the clot organized fibrin strands into a semisolid gelatinous state. Additionally, discontinuation of the water vapor infusion is also documented triggering a return of organized fibrin strands, albeit of greater intensity.

Experimental Investigation on Water Adsorption Using Laser Photoacoustic Spectroscopy and Numerical Simulations

In the present research we propose a model to assess the water vapors adsorption capacity of a SiO2 trap in the breathing circuit, aiming to reduce the loading of interfering compounds in human breath samples. In this study we used photoacoustic spectroscopy to analyze the SiO2 adsorption of interfering compounds from human breath and numerical simulations to study the flow of expired breath gas through porous media. As a result, the highest adsorption rate was achieved with a flow rate of 300 sccm, while the lowest rate was achieved with a flow rate of 600 sccm. In the procedure of H2O removal from the human breath air samples, we determined a quantity of 213 cm3 SiO2 pearls to be used for a 750 mL sampling bag, in order to keep the detection of ethylene free of H2O interference. The data from this study encourages the premise that the SiO2 trap is efficient in the reduction of interfering compounds (like water vapors) from the human breath.

Spectroscopic studies on photodegradation of atorvastatin calcium

In this work, the photodegradation process of atorvastatin calcium (ATC) is reported as depending on: (1) the presence and the absence of excipients in the solid state; (2) the chemical interaction of ATC with phosphate buffer (PB) having pH equal to 7 and 8; and (3) hydrolysis reaction of ATC in the presence of aqueous solution of NaOH. The novelty of this work consists in the monitoring of the ATC photodegradation by photoluminescence (PL). The exposure of ATC in solid state to UV light induces the photo-oxygenation reactions in the presence of water vapors and oxygen from air. According to the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic studies, we demonstrate that the photo-oxygenation reaction leads to photodegradation compounds having a high share of C=O bonds compared to ATC before exposure to UV light. Both in the presence of PB and NaOH, the photodegradation process of ATC is highlighted by a significant decrease in the intensity of the PL and photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectra. According to PLE spectra, the exposure of ATC in the presence of NaOH to UV light leads to the appearance of a new band in the spectral range 340–370 nm, this belonging to the photodegradation products. Arguments concerning the chemical compounds, that resulted in this last case, are shown by Raman scattering and FTIR spectroscopy.

A Stable Isotope Approach for Estimating the Contribution of Recycled Moisture to Precipitation in Lanzhou City, China

The proportional contribution of recycled moisture to local precipitation is a geographically dependent parameter that cannot be ignored in water budgets. Stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes are sensitive to environmental changes and can be applied to investigate the modern water cycle. In this study, a three-component mixing model is used to calculate the contribution of different water vapors (advection, evaporation and transpiration) to summer precipitation in Lanzhou city, Northwest China. The results show that for all sampling sites in Lanzhou, the contribution of advection vapor to precipitation is the largest, followed by the plant transpiration vapor, and the contribution of surface evaporation water vapor is usually the least, with the average values of 87.96%, 9.1% and 2.9%, respectively. The spatial differences of plant transpiration vapor are generally larger than those of advection vapor and surface evaporation vapor, and the high values appear in Yongdeng, Daheng and Gaolan.

Transition of ZnZrF6·4H2O to ZnZrF6·5H2O and patterns of structural transformations

Изучено взаимодействие кристаллогидрата ZnZrF6∙4H2O с парами воды из воздуха методами КР-спектроскопии и РФА. Показано, что соединение ZnZrF6∙4H2O при 22–23 °С неустойчиво в атмосфере влажного воздуха (ρH2O = 0,73–0,84 кПа). Установлено, что в указанных условиях переход ZnZrF6∙4H2O → ZnZrF6·5H2O происходит в две стадии. Вначале исходное соединение адсорбирует воду и образуется гидрат ZnZrF6·6H2O. Далее гексагидрат довольно быстро «выветривается» до ZnZrF6·5H2O, что обусловлено наличием структурных искажений и дефектов кристаллической решетки высоководного соединения. Предложен возможный механизм структурных трансформаций при переходах ZnZrF6∙4H2O → ZnZrF6·6H2O → ZnZrF6·5H2O. Interaction of crystalline hydrate of ZnZrF6∙4H2O with water vapors from the air was studied by methods of Raman spectroscopy and XRD. It is shown that the compound ZnZrF6∙4H2O at 22–23 °C is unstable in the atmosphere of moist air (ρH2O = 0.73–0.84 kPa). It has been found that under these conditions the transition of ZnZrF6∙4H2O → ZnZrF6∙5H2O takes place in two stages. At first, the starting compound adsorbs water and forms the hydrate ZnZrF6∙6H2O. And then the hexahydrate dehydrates rather quickly to ZnZrF6∙5H2O, due to the presence of structural distortions and defects in the crystal lattice of the high-water compound. A possible mechanism of structural transformations during ZnZrF6∙4H2O → ZnZrF6∙6H2O → ZnZrF6∙5H2O transitions is proposed.