Culture media profoundly affect Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis growth, adhesion and biofilm development

Abstract NDT80-like family genes are highly conserved across a large group of fungi, but the functions of each Ndt80 protein are diverse and have evolved differently among yeasts and pathogens. The unique NDT80 gene in budding yeast is required for sexual reproduction, whereas three NDT80-like genes, namely, NDT80, REP1, and RON1, found in Candida albicans exhibit distinct functions. Notably, it was suggested that REP1, rather than RON1, is required for N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) catabolism. Although Candida tropicalis, a widely dispersed fungal pathogen in tropical and subtropical areas, is closely related to Candida albicans, its phenotypic, pathogenic and environmental adaptation characteristics are remarkably divergent. In this study, we focused on the Ron1 transcription factor in C. tropicalis. Protein alignment showed that C. tropicalis Ron1 (CtRon1) shares 39.7% identity with C. albicans Ron1 (CaRon1). Compared to the wild-type strain, the C. tropicalis ron1Δ strains exhibited normal growth in different carbon sources and had similar expression levels of several GlcNAc catabolic genes during GlcNAc treatment. In contrast, C. tropicalis REP1 is responsible for GlcNAc catabolism and is involved in GlcNAc catabolic gene expressions, similar to C. albicans Rep1. However, REP1 deletion strains in C. tropicalis promote hyphal development in GlcNAc with low glucose content. Interestingly, CtRON1, but not CaRON1, deletion mutants exhibited significantly impaired hyphal growth and biofilm formation. As expected, CtRON1 was required for full virulence. Together, the results of this study showed divergent functions of CtRon1 compared to CaRon1; CtRon1 plays a key role in yeast-hyphal dimorphism, biofilm formation and virulence. Lay Abstract In this study, we identified the role of RON1, an NDT80-like gene, in Candida tropicalis. Unlike the gene in Candida albicans, our studies showed that RON1 is a key regulator of hyphal formation, biofilm development and virulence but is dispensable for N-acetylglucosamine catabolism in C. tropicalis.

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MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS AND CANDIDA ALBICANS: A STUDY OF GROWTH-PROMOTING FACTORS

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m55-012 ◽

1954 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 85-89 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Edith Mankiewicz

Keyword(s):

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Growth Factor ◽

Culture Media ◽

Multiplication Rate ◽

Pathological Specimen ◽

Growth Promoting ◽

Antibiotic Agents

A new growth factor for Mycobacterium tuberculosis is described. It is produced by Candida albicans and stimulates the growth of tubercle bacilli of reduced viability or multiplication rate, as this is observed after treatment of the patient by chemotherapeutic or antibiotic agents. A method for the earlier detection of M. tuberculosis growing on Loewenstein's medium is described: Loewenstein's culture media, previously inoculated with the pathological specimen suspected to contain tubercle bacilli, are superinoculated with suspensions of Candida albicans whose dependence upon the presence of tubercle bacilli to grow on this medium has been enhanced. Colonies of Candida albicans will "trace" the presence of M. tuberculosis.

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Pathogenicity of Candida tropicalis and Candida albicans after gastrointestinal inoculation in mice

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.29.2.808-813.1980 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 808-813 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J R Wingard ◽

J D Dick ◽

W G Merz ◽

G R Sandford ◽

R Saral ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Mouse Model ◽

Lung Tissue ◽

Candida Tropicalis ◽

Cytotoxic Drugs ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

Yeast Cells ◽

Gastrointestinal Mucosa ◽

Compromised Host ◽

Adult Mice

The ability of clinical isolates of Candida albicans and candida tropicalis to invade through normal and damaged gastrointestinal mucosa was determined. Adult mice were treated with either gentamicin or gentamicin and cytarabine. Suspensions of yeast cells (10(7)) were administered through a catheter intraesophageally. Invasion was determined by culturing liver, kidney, and lung tissue from mice sacrificed after 48 h. C. albicans and C. tropicalis were incapable of invading through normal gastrointestinal mucosa in mice treated only with gentamicin. Two isolates of C. tropicalis penetrated the damaged gastrointestinal mucosa in 69% (49 of 71) of mice treated with gentamicin and cytarabine. In contrast, three isolates of C. albicans penetrated he damaged gastrointestinal mucosa in only 23% (14 of 62) of mice. These results suggest that C. tropicalis is more capable of invading through damaged gastrointestinal mucosa than C. albicans. The observations in this mouse model parallel those seen in patients on cytotoxic drugs. Therefore, this model offers a tool for investigation of the pathogenicity of these organisms in a model analogous to the compromised host.

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Green Tea Polyphenols and Padma Hepaten Inhibit Candida albicans Biofilm Formation

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2018/1690747 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Yosi Farkash ◽

Mark Feldman ◽

Isaac Ginsburg ◽

Doron Steinberg ◽

Miriam Shalish

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Green Tea ◽

Crystal Violet ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Host Cells ◽

Green Tea Polyphenols ◽

Crystal Violet Staining ◽

Biofilm Inhibition ◽

Therapeutic Concept ◽

Biofilm Development

Candida albicans (C. albicans) is the most prevalent opportunistic human pathogenic fungus and can cause mucosal membrane infections and invade the blood. In the oral cavity, it can ferment dietary sugars, produce organic acids and therefore has a role in caries development. In this study, we examined whether the polyphenol rich extractions Polyphenon from green tea (PPFGT) and Padma Hepaten (PH) can inhibit the caries-inducing properties of C. albicans. Biofilms of C. albicans were grown in the presence of PPFGT and PH. Formation of biofilms was tested spectrophotometrically after crystal violet staining. Exopolysaccharides (EPS) secretion was quantified using confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM). Treated C. albicans morphology was demonstrated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Expression of virulence-related genes was tested using qRT-PCR. Development of biofilm was also tested on an orthodontic surface (Essix) to assess biofilm inhibition ability on such appliances. Both PPFGT and PH dose-dependently inhibited biofilm formation, with no inhibition on planktonic growth. The strongest inhibition was obtained using the combination of the substances. Crystal violet staining showed a significant reduction of 45% in biofilm formation using a concentration of 2.5mg/ml PPFGT and 0.16mg/ml PH. A concentration of 1.25 mg/ml PPFGT and 0.16 mg/ml PH inhibited candidal growth by 88% and EPS secretion by 74% according to CSLM. A reduction in biofilm formation and in the transition from yeast to hyphal morphotype was observed using SEM. A strong reduction was found in the expression of hwp1, eap1, and als3 virulence associated genes. These results demonstrate the inhibitory effect of natural PPFGT polyphenolic extraction on C. albicans biofilm formation and EPS secretion, alone and together with PH. In an era of increased drug resistance, the use of phytomedicine to constrain biofilm development, without killing host cells, may pave the way to a novel therapeutic concept, especially in children as orthodontic patients.

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Interactions between Terpinen-4-ol and Nystatin on biofilm of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis

Brazilian Dental Journal ◽

10.1590/0103-6440201802073 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

pp. 359-367 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Caroline Coradi Tonon ◽

Renata Serignoli Francisconi ◽

Ester Alves Ferreira Bordini ◽

Patrícia Milagros Maquera Huacho ◽

Janaína de Cássia Orlandi Sardi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Enzymatic Activity ◽

Candida Tropicalis ◽

Microtiter Plate ◽

Synergistic Activity ◽

Oral Keratinocytes ◽

Mixed Species ◽

Colony Forming Units ◽

Anti Fungal ◽

Oral Cells

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of Terpinen-4-ol associated with nystatin, on single and mixed species biofilms formed by Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis, as well as the effect of terpinen-4-ol on adhesion in oral cells and the enzymatic activity. The minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum fungicide concentrations of terpinen-4-ol and nystatin on Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis were determined using the microdilution broth method, along with their synergistic activity (“checkerboard” method). Single and mixed species biofilms were prepared using the static microtiter plate model and quantified by colony forming units (CFU/mL). The effect of Terpinen-4-ol in adhesion of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis in coculture with oral keratinocytes (NOK Si) was evaluated, as well as the enzymatic activity by measuring the size of the precipitation zone, after the growth agar to phospholipase, protease and hemolysin. Terpinen-4-ol (4.53 mg mL-1) and nystatin (0.008 mg mL-1) were able to inhibit biofilms growth, and a synergistic antifungal effect was showed with the drug association, reducing the inhibitory concentration of nystatin up to 8 times in single biofilm of Candida albicans, and 2 times in mixed species biofilm. A small decrease in the adhesion of Candida tropicalis in NOK Si cells was showed after treatment with terpinen-4-ol, and nystatin had a greater effect for both species. For enzymatic activity, the drugs showed no action. The effect potentiated by the combination of terpinen-4-ol and nystatin and the reduction of adhesion provide evidence of its potential as an anti-fungal agent.

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Frecuencia de dermatomicosis y factores asociados en población vulnerable de la ciudad de Manizales. Colombia. 2011

Revista de Salud Pública ◽

10.15446/rsap.v18n6.51794 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 18 (6) ◽

pp. 953

Author(s):

Gloria Ines Estrada Salazar ◽

José A. Chacón-Cardona

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Trichophyton Rubrum ◽

Culture Media ◽

Trichophyton Mentagrophytes ◽

Direct Analysis ◽

Microsporum Gypseum ◽

Epidermophyton Floccosum ◽

Palabras Clave ◽

Fusarium Sp ◽

Cutaneous Mycosis

Resumen:Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de las dermatomicosis en personas de diferentes instituciones de atención social en la ciudad de Manizales durante el año 2011. Método: Mediante la toma de muestras de los sitios que presentaban algún tipo de lesión sospechosa de ser una micosis cutánea, se hizo un análisis directo con KOH y cultivo en medios de Saboureaud y Mycosel. Se aplicó un instrumento de recolección de información para establecer factores asociados con la presencia de estos microorganismos.Resultados: Los hongos levaduriformes encontrados con mayor frecuencia fueron: Candida albicans, Trichosporon sp, y los mohos saprofitos Penicillium sp, fusarium sp; seguido de hongos dermatofitos como: Trichophyton mentagrophites, Trichophyton rubrum, Epidermophyton floccosum y Microsporum gypseum. Las lesiones secas y descamativas se encontraron con mayor frecuencia. El compartir baños y vivir en hacinamiento y el uso de elementos comunes fueron los factores asociados más importantes en este estudio.Conclusiones. Las dermatomicosis son frecuentes en poblaciones vulnerables y se asocian a diferentes factores muy similares a los encontrados en otros estudios de igual naturaleza. Palabras clave: dermatomicosis, onicomicosis, jóvenes, ancianos, factores asociados. Summary:Objective: To determine the frequency of ringworm in people of different social care institutions in the city of Manizales in 2011.Method: Using the sampling sites that had some kind of suspicious lesion from a cutaneous mycosis, direct analysis with KOH and culture media was Saboureaud and Mycosel. An instrument of data collection was used to establish factors associated with the presence of these microorganisms.Results: The yeast found most frequently were: Candida albicans, Trichosporon sp and Penicillium molds saprophytes sp, Fusarium sp, followed by dermatophyte fungi such as Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum, Epidermophyton floccosum and Microsporum gypseum. Dry scaly lesions were found more frequently. The shared bathrooms and living in overcrowded and the use of common elements were the most important in this study associated factors.Conclusions: Dermatomycoses are common in vulnerable populations and are associated with different very similar to those found in other studies of the same nature factors. Keywords: ringworm, onychomycosis, young, old, associated factors.

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Synergism of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans Reinforces Biofilm Maturation and Acidogenicity in Saliva: An In Vitro Study

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fcimb.2020.623980 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

Author(s):

Hye-Eun Kim ◽

Yuan Liu ◽

Atul Dhall ◽

Marwa Bawazir ◽

Hyun Koo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Critical Role ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Acidic Ph ◽

Acidic Environment ◽

Symbiotic Interaction ◽

Biofilm Development

Early childhood caries, a virulent-form of dental caries, is painful, difficult, and costly to treat that has been associated with high levels of Streptococcus mutans (Sm) and Candida albicans (Ca) in plaque-biofilms on teeth. These microorganisms appear to develop a symbiotic cross-kingdom interaction that amplifies the virulence of plaque-biofilms. Although biofilm studies reveal synergistic bacterial-fungal association, how these organisms modulate cross-kingdom biofilm formation and enhance its virulence in the presence of saliva remain largely unknown. Here, we compared the properties of Sm and Sm-Ca biofilms cultured in saliva by examining the biofilm structural organization and capability to sustain an acidic pH environment conducive to enamel demineralization. Intriguingly, Sm-Ca biofilm is rapidly matured and maintained acidic pH-values (~4.3), while Sm biofilm development was retarded and failed to create an acidic environment when cultured in saliva. In turn, the human enamel slab surface was severely demineralized by Sm-Ca biofilms, while there was minimal damage to the enamel surface by Sm biofilm. Interestingly, Sm-Ca biofilms exhibited an acidic environment regardless of their hyphal formation ability. Our data reveal the critical role of symbiotic interaction between S. mutans and C. albicans in human saliva in the context of pathogenesis of dental caries, which may explain how the cross-kingdom interaction contributes to enhanced virulence of plaque-biofilm in the oral cavity.

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In vitro activities of Traganum nudatum and Mentha pulegium extracts combined with amphotericin B against Candida albicans in production of hydrolytic enzymes

Current Medical Mycology ◽

10.18502/cmm.6.3.4499 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ikram Tefiani ◽

Sidi Mohammed Lahbib Seddiki ◽

Moustafa Yassine Mahdad

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Amphotericin B ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Culture Media ◽

Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽

Normal Flora ◽

Mentha Pulegium ◽

Hydrolytic Activities

Background and Purpose: Candida albicans is an important microorganism in the normal flora of a healthy subject; however, it has an expedient pathogenic character that induces hydrolytic virulence. Regarding this, the present study aimed to find an in vitro alternative that could reduce the virulence of this yeast. Materials and Methods: For the purpose of the study, the effect of amphotericin B (AmB) combined with the extract of Traganum nudatum (E1) or Mentha pulegium (E2) was evaluated against the hydrolytic activities of esterase, protease, and phospholipase. This effect was determined by calculating the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), used to adjust the extract/AmB mixtures in culture media. Results: The evaluated Pz values, which corresponded to the different enzymatic activities, showed a decrease in the hydrolytic activities of C. albicans strains after the addition of E1/AmB and E2/AmB combinations at descending concentrations (lower than the obtained MICs). Conclusion: Based on the findings, it would be possible to reduce the pathogenesis of this species without destabilizing the balance of the flora.

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In Vitro Activity of Caspofungin against Candida albicans Biofilms

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.46.11.3591-3596.2002 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 46 (11) ◽

pp. 3591-3596 ◽

Cited By ~ 211

Author(s):

Stefano P. Bachmann ◽

Kacy VandeWalle ◽

Gordon Ramage ◽

Thomas F. Patterson ◽

Brian L. Wickes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Vitro Activity ◽

Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy ◽

In Vitro Activity ◽

Confocal Scanning ◽

Confocal Scanning Laser ◽

Biofilm Development ◽

Candida Albicans Biofilms

ABSTRACT Most manifestations of candidiasis are associated with biofilm formation on biological or inanimate surfaces. Candida albicans biofilms are recalcitrant to treatment with conventional antifungal therapies. Here we report on the activity of caspofungin, a new semisynthetic echinocandin, against C. albicans biofilms. Caspofungin displayed potent in vitro activity against sessile C. albicans cells within biofilms, with MICs at which 50% of the sessile cells were inhibited well within the drug's therapeutic range. Scanning electron microscopy and confocal scanning laser microscopy were used to visualize the effects of caspofungin on preformed C. albicans biofilms, and the results indicated that caspofungin affected the cellular morphology and the metabolic status of cells within the biofilms. The coating of biomaterials with caspofungin had an inhibitory effect on subsequent biofilm development by C. albicans. Together these findings indicate that caspofungin displays potent activity against C. albicans biofilms in vitro and merits further investigation for the treatment of biofilm-associated infections.

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