scholarly journals Fair and balance rate for benefits not scheduled in defined contribution plans

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (87) ◽  
pp. 560-576
Author(s):  
Igor Ferreira do Nascimento ◽  
Pedro H. M. Albuquerque
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Executive Branch ◽  
Pension Plans ◽  
Constitutional Amendment ◽  
Defined Contribution ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Defined Contribution Plans ◽  
Public Servant ◽  
Security Costs ◽  
General Balance

ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to propose a methodology that, using multiple decreases, in addition to classified by actuarial profile and source of social security costs, calculates actuarially fair and balanced rates for unscheduled collective costing benefits from Defined Contribution (DC) pension plans. There are no studies in Brazil about costing rates for benefits not scheduled in pension plans of the DC modality. Any institution that pays collective cost social security benefits must determine an actuarial rate that is not insufficient, generating a financial imbalance in the fund, nor excessive, compromising the participant’s income. This work is the first study on costing rates for collective costing benefits from pension plans with DC modalities. Actuarially fair rates are obtained considering multiple decreases and equalizing the present value of contributions and the present value of pension and disability benefits, classified by actuarial profile and source of social security cost. The specific balance rate is determined for each source of social security costs and is obtained considering the actuarially fair rates for each actuarial profile. The general balance rate is obtained by the marginal contribution of each specific balance rate. The proposed methodology was used to calculate the rates of unscheduled benefits with collective costing in DC modality plans. The proposed methodology estimated that the legal changes, resulting from Constitutional Amendment 103/2019, indirectly increased by more than 4% the general balance rate of the unscheduled benefits of the Supplementary Social Security Foundation of the Federal Public Servant of the Executive Branch of the Federal Government (FUNPRESP-Exe).

How defined contribution plans and 401(k)s affect employer pension costs

2006 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
TERESA GHILARDUCCI ◽  
WEI SUN
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Pension Plan ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Pension Plans ◽  
Defined Benefit ◽  
Defined Contribution ◽  
Defined Contribution Plans ◽  
Pension Costs ◽  
Administrative Expenses ◽  
Pension Contribution

We investigate the pension choices made by over 700 firms between 1981 and 1998 when DC plans expanded and overtook DB plans. Their average pension contribution per employee dropped in real terms from $2,140 in 1981 to $1,404 in 1998. At the same time, the share of their pension contributions attributed to defined contribution plans was 23% in 1981 and increased to 68% in 1998. By analyzing pension plan data from the IRS Form 5500 and finances of the plan's sponsoring employer from COMPUSTAT with a fixed-effects ordinary least squares model and a simultaneous model, we find that a 10% increase in the use of defined contribution plans (including 401(k) plans) reduces employer pension costs per worker by 1.7–3.5%. This suggests firms use DCs and 401(k)s to lower pension costs. Lower administrative expenses may also explain the popularity of DC plans. Although measuring a firm's pension cost per worker may be a crude way to judge a firm's commitment to pensions, this study suggests that firms that provide both a traditional defined benefit and a defined contribution plan are the most committed because they spend the most on pensions. Further research, especially case studies, is vital to understand employers' commitment to employment-based pension plans.

scholarly journals Mismeasurement of pensions before and after retirement: the mystery of the disappearing pensions with implications for the importance of Social Security as a source of retirement support

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALAN L. GUSTMAN ◽  
THOMAS L. STEINMEIER ◽  
NAHID TABATABAI
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Pension Plans ◽  
Defined Benefit ◽  
Defined Contribution ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
Pension Income ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Social Security Wealth ◽  
Pension Benefits ◽  
Pension Wealth

AbstractA review of the literature suggests that when pension values are measured by the wealth equivalent of promised defined benefit pension benefits and defined contribution balances for those approaching retirement, pensions account for more support in retirement than is suggested when their contribution is measured by incomes received directly from pension plans by those who have already retired. Estimates from the Health and Retirement Study for respondents in their early fifties suggest that pension wealth is about 82% as valuable as Social Security wealth. In data from the Current Population Survey (CPS), for members of the same cohort, measured when they are 65–69, pension incomes are about 58% as valuable as incomes from Social Security. Our empirical analysis uses data from the HRS to examine the reasons for these differences in the contributions of pensions as measured in income and wealth data. Key factors accounting for these differences include: a difference in methodology between surveys affecting what is included in pension income; some pension wealth ‘disappears’ at retirement because respondents change their pension into other forms that are not counted as pension income; and the form of annuitization may influence the measure of pension income. A series of caveats notwithstanding, the bottom line is that CPS data on pension incomes received in retirement understates the full contribution pensions make to supporting retirees.

Scrambling the Nest Egg: How Well Do Teachers Understand Their Pensions, and What Do They Think about Alternative Pension Structures?

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 558-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael DeArmond ◽  
Dan Goldhaber
Keyword(s):  
Pension Plans ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Retirement Savings ◽  
Defined Benefit ◽  
Defined Contribution ◽  
Administrative Records ◽  
Defined Contribution Plans ◽  
Alternative Plan ◽  
Defined Benefit Plans ◽  
Career Teachers

In this article we focus on two questions: How well do teachers understand their current pension plans, and what do they think about alternative plan structures? The data come from administrative records and a 2006 survey of teachers in Washington State. The results suggest that Washington's teachers are fairly knowledgeable about their pensions, although new entrants and mid-career teachers appear to be less knowledgeable than veterans. As for teachers' preferences for plan structure, the survey suggests that when it comes to investing additional retirement savings, a plurality of teachers favor defined contribution plans that offer more portability and choice but also more risk than traditional defined benefit plans. Again, perhaps unsurprisingly, the findings suggest that, all else equal, teachers newer to the profession are more likely than veterans to favor a defined contribution structure.

scholarly journals The Distribution of Investment Risk in Defined Benefit Pension Plans: A Reconsideration

2005 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-157
Author(s):  
Douglas E. Hyatt ◽  
James E. Pesando
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Pension Fund ◽  
Fund Performance ◽  
Pension Plans ◽  
Investment Risk ◽  
Defined Benefit ◽  
Defined Contribution ◽  
Defined Contribution Plans ◽  
Defined Benefit Plans ◽  
Defined Benefit Pension Plans

The "textbook " description is that members of defined benefit pension plans bear no investment risk, in sharp contrast to members of defined contribution plans. Yet formal or informal bargaining may focus on the size of required employer contributions to a defined benefit plan. If at least some of the costs of such employer contributions are shifted back to workers, then members of defined benefit plans do bear investment risk. We utilize three sources of empirical evidence (a survey of pension specialists, econometric analysis, and case studies) to support the proposition that employees do bear at least some of the investment risk associated with pension fund performance. Poor fund performance leads to larger employer contributions to maintain the defined benefit obligation and this in turn leads to lower levels of other forms of compensation. We conclude that riskshifting does occur, in at least some plans, and that the textbook distinction is overstated.

scholarly journals Life After Defined Benefit Plans

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin A. Goldberg ◽  
Robert E. Wnek ◽  
Michael J. Rolleri
Keyword(s):  
Pension Plan ◽  
Profit Sharing ◽  
Pension Plans ◽  
Defined Benefit ◽  
Defined Contribution ◽  
Cash Balance ◽  
Benefit Plan ◽  
Defined Contribution Plans ◽  
Defined Benefit Plans ◽  
Recent Developments

Employers have moved from traditional pension plans to cash balance and other alternative defined benefit plans. However, it may be that the best approach lies beyond defined benefit plans completely. The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) was enacted to protect workers. Its focus was on the defined benefit plan, which at that time meant a traditional pension plan that provided lifetime income to retired workers. Over the years traditional pension plans have declined in number, often due to their increasing costs. Many of these plans have been replaced by the 401(k) plan, a profit-sharing plan partly or wholly funded by employee contributions. There has also been a rise in hybrid plans, plans that have features of both defined benefit and defined contribution plans. Recent developments highlight the weaknesses in traditional pension plans. Replacing a traditional pension plan with a cash balance plan, a hybrid plan that qualifies as a defined benefit plan, does not fully address all the problems. It may be that there is limited advantage to the continued emphasis on defined benefit plans. Instead, defined contribution plans that contain some features of defined benefit plans may better address the current retirement-plan issues.

scholarly journals Defined Contribution Pension Plans: Mutual Fund Asset Allocation Changes

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 432-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clemens Sialm ◽  
Laura Starks ◽  
Hanjiang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Funds ◽  
Asset Allocation ◽  
Mutual Fund ◽  
Pension Plans ◽  
Defined Contribution ◽  
Fixed Income ◽  
Macroeconomic Conditions ◽  
Fund Managers ◽  
Defined Contribution Plans ◽  
Asset Allocations

In this paper we compare changes in asset allocations between mutual funds held in defined contribution pension plans and funds held by other investors. We investigate how flows into equity and fixed income mutual funds depend on macroeconomic conditions. We find that defined contribution plans react more sensitively to these conditions, suggesting effects on mutual fund managers and other investors.

scholarly journals Implicaciones del consumo y de la flexibilidad de la oferta laboral en el bienestar de los partícipes de planes de pensiones del Sistema de Empleo

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 1069
Author(s):  
Francisco J. Peláez Fermoso ◽  
Ana García González ◽  
Jesús Mª. Gómez García
Keyword(s):  
Intertemporal Choice ◽  
Pension Plan ◽  
Pension Plans ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Pension Scheme ◽  
Defined Benefit ◽  
Defined Contribution ◽  
Employment System ◽  
Defined Contribution Plans ◽  
Markovian Processes

This work aims to carry out a comparative analysis of the pension plans of the employment system (both defined benefit and defined contribution plans) from the point of view of the welfare perceived by each worker. Considering flexibility in the labor supply of the promoting company of the pension scheme, we seek to maximize the utility of the time preferences of consumption and leisure for each employee. We propose a dynamic optimization problem of intertemporal choice, and we describe both the returns on the investments of the Fund and the annual wage growth rates as discrete markovian processes. For each type of pension plan, we analyse the optimal consumption and leisure values that maximize the utility (welfare) of the worker over several periods of time.

scholarly journals Analisis Perbandingan PSAK No. 18 Tahun 1994 dan Revisi 2010 Serta pengaruhnya Terhadap Laporan Keuangan

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 017-030
Author(s):  
Ervina Indri Sari ◽  
Desi Efrianti
Keyword(s):  
Pension Fund ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Fair Value ◽  
Retirement Age ◽  
Defined Benefit ◽  
Defined Contribution ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Contract Work ◽  
Defined Contribution Plans ◽  
To Receive

The purpose of the study was to determine the comparison between PSAK No. 18 (1994) and PSAK No. 18 (revised 2010), and the effect of PSAK No. 18 changes to the financial statements on PT. TASPEN. Changes in PSAK No. 18 Among other things, the scope of which is wider than the pension fund entities that are analogous to finish work because entering retirement age but completed work in accordance with the plan or contract work. Actuarial present value, is now calculated and reported using current salary levels or projected salary levels up to the time of Retirement attendees. Financial statements, for defined contribution plans and defined benefit plan is split into the separate financial statements. And the presentation of the fair value of investments at fair value. The authors conclude that, given that PSAK No. 18 (revised 2010) came into effect on January 1, 2012, the readiness PT. TASPEN (Persero) in applying PSAK No. 18 (revised 2010) should be considered to receive this new standard.

How much do respondents in the health and retirement study know about their contributions to tax-deferred contribution plans? A cross-cohort comparison

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
IRENA DUSHI ◽  
MARJORIE HONIG
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Pension Plans ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
Health And Retirement Study ◽  
Defined Benefit ◽  
Defined Contribution ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Wage Earners ◽  
Survey Responses ◽  
Retirement Study

AbstractWe use information from Social Security earnings records to examine the accuracy of survey responses regarding participation in tax-deferred pension plans. As employer-provided defined benefit pensions are replaced by voluntary contribution plans, employees’ understanding of the link between their annual contributions and their post-retirement wealth is becoming increasingly important. We examine the extent to which wage-earners in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) correctly report their inclusion in tax-deferred contribution plans and, conditional on inclusion, their annual contributions. We use three samples representing different cohorts in three different periods: the original HRS cohort interviewed in 1992 at ages 51–56, the War Babies cohort interviewed in 1998 at ages 51–56, and the Early Baby Boomer cohort interviewed in 2004 at the same ages. Our findings indicate that while respondents interviewed in 1998 and 2004 were more likely to correctly report whether they were included in defined contribution plans, they were no more accurate when reporting whether they had contributed to their plans than respondents interviewed in 1992. Contributors in the three cohorts, moreover, overstated their annual contributions and thus would be likely to realize lower than expected account balances at retirement. The magnitude of this error is not negligible. In all three cohorts, the mean reporting error (the absolute difference between respondent-reported and Social Security earnings record contributions) was approximately 1.5 times larger than the mean contribution in the W-2 earnings record.

scholarly journals AWARENESS ON PENSION PLANS-A STUDY OF INVESTORS’ IN BENGALURU CITY

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 1017-1021
Author(s):  
Pushpa B.V.
Keyword(s):  
Financial Literacy ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Pension Plans ◽  
Willingness To Participate ◽  
Defined Contribution ◽  
Financial Decisions ◽  
Defined Contribution Plans ◽  
Income Adequacy ◽  
To Come ◽  
And Gender

Individuals make inconsistent, irrational financial decisions mainly due to disproportionate time preferences. Bias and procrastination prevail. Along with a default option, there is a need for a customized plan with individuals' socio-cultural and economic status.  Low participation rates are mainly due to a lack of awareness of pension literacy and behavioral aspects. Individuals have failed to create a corpus to protect themselves for retirement as there is a lack of awareness to suitability of a plan to one’s situation, failure to measure income adequacy at retirement, not able to identify the link between contributions made and pension drawdown, etc. Age and gender differences prevail strongly. Defined contribution plans are likely to dominate in global pension model in the years to come. Individuals are ready to own their risk but have little control and knowledge to cover themselves. Frequent timely and prompt advice or counseling from investment advisors will enable participants to understand the need, identify suitable options and schemes, and provide themselves with sustainable long-term savings. This should convert willingness to participate to real participation. Keywords: Financial literacy, Pension knowledge, Defined contribution pension plans (DCP), irrational decision making, demographics.

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