Can Bacillus thuringiensis affect the biological variables of natural enemies of Lepidoptera?

Intercropping of aromatic plants provides an environmentally benign route to reducing pest damage in agroecosystems. However, the effect of intercropping on natural enemies, another element which may be vital to the success of an integrated pest management approach, varies in different intercropping systems. Rosemary, Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Lamiaceae), has been reported to be repellent to many insect species. In this study, the impact of sweet pepper/rosemary intercropping on pest population suppression was evaluated under greenhouse conditions and the effect of rosemary intercropping on natural enemy population dynamics was investigated. The results showed that intercropping rosemary with sweet pepper significantly reduced the population densities of three major pest species on sweet pepper, Frankliniella intonsa, Myzus persicae, and Bemisia tabaci, but did not affect the population densities of their natural enemies, the predatory bug, Orius sauteri, or parasitoid, Encarsia formosa. Significant pest population suppression with no adverse effect on released natural enemy populations in the sweet pepper/rosemary intercropping system suggests this could be an approach for integrated pest management of greenhouse-cultivated sweet pepper. Our results highlight the potential of the integration of alternative pest control strategies to optimize sustainable pest control.

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Agricultural pest control programmes, food security and safety

African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development ◽

10.18697/ajfand.53.10385 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 12 (53) ◽

pp. 6582-6592

Author(s):

SC Eze ◽

◽

BC Echezona

Keyword(s):

Food Security ◽

Food Safety ◽

Integrated Pest Management ◽

Pest Management ◽

Pest Control ◽

Control Methods ◽

Agricultural Pest ◽

Potential Health ◽

Synthetic Pesticides ◽

Pest Control Methods

Agricultural pest management control strategies are primarily concerned with food security and safety. Popular pest control methods include application of synthetic pesticides, biopesticides (plant extracts), non-chemical pest management and integrated pest management (IPM). The resistance of some of the pests to the chemical pesticides, coupled with potential health hazards on the environment gave birth to a search for botanicals as alternatives to synthetic pesticides. Botanicals as biopesticides were, though effective but their shelf lives and specific actions on the target organisms have not been determined. Non-chemical pest control methods involve common cultural practices which include crop rotation, tillage, and varying time of planting or harvesting, trap cropping which appear to be the best in terms of food safety and quality but the ability of this approach to reduce pest population may be minimal. Because no single pest control method can guarantee food security and safety, integrated pest management (IPM) approach appears to hold promise. The IPM is an ecologically based approach that combines all the available pest control methods to manage pest damage by the most economical means, with the fewest possible hazards to life, property and environment. However, this review shows that the impact of integrated pest management in the rural farm communities is low. In an era of growing consumer awareness and sophistication, food quality is being emphasized. Food safety means that the agro-products should be free from pesticide residues:- therefore, aspects of farm management such as sources of seeds and seedlings, pests and weed elimination, pesticide application dates, dates and amount of fertilization, harvesting or post harvest treatments and basic information regarding the individual farmer or marketing agents activities should be certified before consuming agricultural products. Federal governments especially in developing countries are advised to mount regulating Agencies that will be responsible for a number of activities that contribute to food security and safety, water quality and pesticide applicator training as practiced in the United States of America, India and Indonesia. The agencies will ensure that the public is protected from potential health risks posed by pesticide treated foods.

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A Holling Type II Pest and Natural Enemy Model with Density Dependent IPM Strategy

Mathematical Problems in Engineering ◽

10.1155/2017/8683207 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Xia Wang ◽

Yuan Tian ◽

Sanyi Tang

Keyword(s):

Periodic Solution ◽

Integrated Pest Management ◽

Pest Management ◽

Pest Control ◽

Natural Enemies ◽

Natural Enemy ◽

Impulsive Control ◽

Control Measures ◽

Threshold Condition ◽

Density Dependent

Resource limitations and density dependent releasing of natural enemies during the pest control and integrated pest management will undoubtedly result in nonlinear impulsive control. In order to investigate the effects of those nonlinear control strategies on the successful pest control, we have proposed a pest-natural enemy system concerning integrated pest management with density dependent instant killing rate and releasing rate. In particular, the releasing rate depicts how the number of natural enemy populations released was guided by their current density at the fixed moment. The threshold condition which ensures the existence and global stability of pest-free periodic solution has been discussed first, and the effects of key parameters on the threshold condition reveal that reducing the pulse period does not always benefit pest control; that is, frequent releasing of natural enemies may not be beneficial to the eradication of pests when the density dependent releasing method has been implemented. Moreover, the forward and backward bifurcations could occur once the pest-free periodic solution becomes unstable, and the system could exist with very complex dynamics. All those results confirm that the control actions should be carefully designed once the nonlinear impulsive control measures have been taken for pest management.

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EFFICIENCY OF BORIC ACID TO CONTROL PASTURE SPITTLEBUGS 𝘋𝘦𝘰𝘪𝘴 𝘧𝘭𝘢𝘷𝘰𝘱𝘪𝘤𝘵𝘢 AND 𝘕𝘰𝘵𝘰𝘻𝘶𝘭𝘪𝘢 𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘳𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘢𝘯𝘢 (HEMIPTERA: CERCOPIDAE)

BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE - Revista de Agricultura ◽

10.37856/bja.v95i1.3978 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 95 (1) ◽

pp. 59

Author(s):

Octavio Nakano ◽

Lucas Silva Barros ◽

Ana Caroline Amorim Krol

Keyword(s):

Boric Acid ◽

Integrated Pest Management ◽

Pest Management ◽

Pest Control ◽

Control Methods ◽

Forage Grasses ◽

Forage Plant ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Pest Control Methods

The Urochloa spp. (sin. Brachiaria spp.) is an important grass cultivated in Brazil. However, the pasture spittlebugs pest attack can limited this forage plant supply and animal production. In search of alternative pest control methods, this research evaluated the boric acid efficiency to control spittlebugs Deois flavopicta and Notozulia entreriana (Hemiptera: Cercopidae). The experiment was carried out under completely randomized design with six treatments and four replications. The treatments were boric acid at concentrations of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4% and insecticides permethrin 50 CE (0.005%) and imidacloprid 700 WG (0.02%). The number of surviving insects after pulverization of treatments to pasture spittlebugs pest control efficiency were performed. Boric acid at the concentration 0.4% showed 100% of efficiency to control spittlebugs D. flavopicta and N. entreriana species. Thus, boric acid at 0.4% can be used to integrated pest management programs of forage grasses.

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EVALUATION OF FOUR INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PACKAGES FOR CONTROLLING MAIN PESTS OF COTTON IN RAINFED FIELDS

Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.21082/ijas.v15n1.2014.p1-10 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Nurindah Nurindah ◽

Dwi Adi Sunarto

Keyword(s):

Integrated Pest Management ◽

Pest Management ◽

Pest Control ◽

Natural Enemies ◽

Management Practice ◽

Threshold Level ◽

Cotton Bollworm ◽

Cotton Production ◽

Action Threshold ◽

Neem Seed Extract

Cotton production nationally is low due to various constraints, including pests. Two main pests commonly found in cotton plantation in rain fed fields are cotton leafhopper (Amrasca biguttula) and cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera). The study aimed to evaluate four packages of integrated pest management (IPM) techniques to control cotton leafhopper and cotton bollworm in rain fed fields. The experiment was conducted in farmers’ fields at Asembagus, East Java, between January and July 2012. Four packages of IPM evaluated were cotton varieties, i.e. Kanesia 10 or Kanesia 13, and seed treatment with synthetic insecticide (imidacloprid) before sowing or spraying molasses (10 ml L-1 water) as food for natural enemies. The cotton plants were intercropped with groundnut and sprayed with neem seed extract (NSE) at the action threshold level for pest control. These packages were compared among themselves and also with the methods usually used by farmers, i.e. planting cotton variety Kanesia 8 intercropped with groundnut and pest control using synthetic chemical insecticides. Twenty five plants were sampled randomly per plot and measured for their growth, leafhopper and bollworm populations, as well as cotton seed yield per plot. Observations were made weekly, starting at 30 days after planting (DAP) until 120 DAP. The results showed that the use of Kanesia 10 or Kanesia 13 intercropped with groundnut and spraying molasses to conserve natural enemies was the best pest management practice and superior to farmers’ practices. Conserving natural enemies is not only profitable (saving production cost of IDR1,150,000 to IDR1,500,000 ha-1 season-1), but also safe for the environment (no need to spray chemical insecticides).

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EVALUATION OF FOUR INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PACKAGES FOR CONTROLLING MAIN PESTS OF COTTON IN RAINFED FIELDS

Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.21082/ijas.v15n1.2014.1-10 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Nurindah Nurindah ◽

Dwi Adi Sunarto

Keyword(s):

Integrated Pest Management ◽

Pest Management ◽

Pest Control ◽

Natural Enemies ◽

Management Practice ◽

Threshold Level ◽

Cotton Bollworm ◽

Cotton Production ◽

Action Threshold ◽

Neem Seed Extract

Cotton production nationally is low due to various constraints, including pests. Two main pests commonly found in cotton plantation in rain fed fields are cotton leafhopper (Amrasca biguttula) and cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera). The study aimed to evaluate four packages of integrated pest management (IPM) techniques to control cotton leafhopper and cotton bollworm in rain fed fields. The experiment was conducted in farmers’ fields at Asembagus, East Java, between January and July 2012. Four packages of IPM evaluated were cotton varieties, i.e. Kanesia 10 or Kanesia 13, and seed treatment with synthetic insecticide (imidacloprid) before sowing or spraying molasses (10 ml L-1 water) as food for natural enemies. The cotton plants were intercropped with groundnut and sprayed with neem seed extract (NSE) at the action threshold level for pest control. These packages were compared among themselves and also with the methods usually used by farmers, i.e. planting cotton variety Kanesia 8 intercropped with groundnut and pest control using synthetic chemical insecticides. Twenty five plants were sampled randomly per plot and measured for their growth, leafhopper and bollworm populations, as well as cotton seed yield per plot. Observations were made weekly, starting at 30 days after planting (DAP) until 120 DAP. The results showed that the use of Kanesia 10 or Kanesia 13 intercropped with groundnut and spraying molasses to conserve natural enemies was the best pest management practice and superior to farmers’ practices. Conserving natural enemies is not only profitable (saving production cost of IDR1,150,000 to IDR1,500,000 ha-1 season-1), but also safe for the environment (no need to spray chemical insecticides).

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Palmistichus elaeisis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) rearing in Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) submitted to different diets*

Arquivos do Instituto Biológico ◽

10.1590/1808-1657000512019 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 87 ◽

Author(s):

Daniel Júnior Martins ◽

Sebastião Lourenço de Assis Júnior ◽

Gilson Geraldo Soares de Oliveira Júnior ◽

Marcus Alvarenga Soares ◽

Nísia Andrade Villela Dessimoni Pinto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Sex Ratio ◽

Wheat Bran ◽

Reproductive Performance ◽

Natural Enemies ◽

Tenebrio Molitor ◽

Offspring Number ◽

Biological Variables ◽

Pelleted Feed ◽

Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

ABSTRACT The ecological, physiological and behavioral processes of insects are linked to their nutrition. The diet of host insects can modify the development of natural enemies and affect their reproductive performance. The objective of this work was to evaluate the development and reproduction of Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle, 1993 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) parasitizing pupae of Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus, 1785 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) rearing in different diets. Pupae of T. molitor generated in six different diets (wheat bran, cornmeal, pelleted feed for rabbits, and bran, pelleted or crushed feed for laying hens) were individually placed in plastic pots and exposed to parasitism by six females of P. elaeisis during 72 h. The biological variables of P. elaeisis were observed and bromatological analyses were performed with pupae of T. molitor and the diets used. The percentage of parasitism and emergency was 100% in all treatments. There was no difference in the life cycle, the offspring number and longevity of the parasitoid. Pupae of T. molitor obtained from larvae fed with cornmeal were smaller and generated P. elaeisis offspring with low sex ratio and shorter length of the tibia. The T. molitor diet based on cornmeal was not suitable for the reproduction of P. elaeisis in the laboratory.

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Complex dynamics and coexistence of period-doubling and period-halving bifurcations in an integrated pest management model with nonlinear impulsive control

Advances in Difference Equations ◽

10.1186/s13662-020-02971-9 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Changtong Li ◽

Sanyi Tang ◽

Robert A. Cheke

Keyword(s):

Periodic Solution ◽

Integrated Pest Management ◽

Pest Management ◽

Pest Control ◽

Impulsive Control ◽

Period Doubling ◽

Dynamical Behaviour ◽

Period Doubling Bifurcation ◽

Predator Prey ◽

Predator Prey Model

Abstract An expectation for optimal integrated pest management is that the instantaneous numbers of natural enemies released should depend on the densities of both pest and natural enemy in the field. For this, a generalised predator–prey model with nonlinear impulsive control tactics is proposed and its dynamics is investigated. The threshold conditions for the global stability of the pest-free periodic solution are obtained based on the Floquet theorem and analytic methods. Also, the sufficient conditions for permanence are given. Additionally, the problem of finding a nontrivial periodic solution is confirmed by showing the existence of a nontrivial fixed point of the model’s stroboscopic map determined by a time snapshot equal to the common impulsive period. In order to address the effects of nonlinear pulse control on the dynamics and success of pest control, a predator–prey model incorporating the Holling type II functional response function as an example is investigated. Finally, numerical simulations show that the proposed model has very complex dynamical behaviour, including period-doubling bifurcation, chaotic solutions, chaos crisis, period-halving bifurcations and periodic windows. Moreover, there exists an interesting phenomenon whereby period-doubling bifurcation and period-halving bifurcation always coexist when nonlinear impulsive controls are adopted, which makes the dynamical behaviour of the model more complicated, resulting in difficulties when designing successful pest control strategies.

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Effects of Different Water Regimes and Spacing on Insect Pest Infestation and Efficacy of Control Measures in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus)

Journal of Experimental Agriculture International ◽

10.9734/jeai/2019/v41i530415 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

A. A. Oso ◽

G. O. Awe

Keyword(s):

Integrated Pest Management ◽

Pest Management ◽

Pest Control ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Insect Pest ◽

Cultural Control ◽

Irrigated Agriculture ◽

Yield Attributes ◽

Pest Infestation ◽

And Control

Aim: Information on the influence of water availability during different seasons of rainfed or irrigated agriculture as it relates to insect pest population build-up in crops could assist in the development of integrated pest management. A study was therefore conducted to investigate effects of spacing, pest infestation and control on cucumber under rainfed and irrigated conditions. Place and Duration of Study: At the Teaching and Research Farm, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria during the 2016/2017 rainy and dry seasons. Methodology: The experiment was laid out using randomized complete block design (RCBD) in a split-plot arrangement in five replications, with spacing (60 x 60 cm, 60 x 90 cm and 60 x 120 cm) as the main plot treatments and the sub-plot treatments were different pest control strategies. The pest control strategies include synthetic insecticide (Lambda-cyhalothrin), botanical insecticide (Anogeissus leiocarpus) and control. Growth parameters and yield attributes were recorded. Insect pest occurrence, their build-up and percentage infestation on cucumber and the efficacy of the management strategies were monitored. Results: The results showed that yield was enhanced in irrigated system with the widest spacing of 60 x 120 cm botanical treatment interaction. Bemisia tabaci was the most prominent insect pest attacking cucumber under irrigated system. Conclusion: Other cultural control practices such as the use of trap crops with little or no financial implication should also be added to botanical pesticides as an integrated pest management tactic for effective management and control of the pest.

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