scholarly journals Growth stanza in fish life history using otoliths shape: the protandric Centropomus case (Carangaria: Centropomidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reginaldo Medeiros ◽  
Cicero D. Oliveira ◽  
Daniele Souto ◽  
Jordana Rangely ◽  
Nídia N. Fabré
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycles ◽  
Fish Length ◽  
Fourier Descriptors ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Size At Maturity ◽  
Allometric Relationships ◽  
Growth Phases ◽  
Shape Indices ◽  
Total Fish ◽  
Growth Changes

ABSTRACT Morphoanatomical or physiological changes coupled with changes in body size are known as allometric relationships. The objective of this study was to identify the points of growth changes in Centropomus based on otolith morphometry and morphogeometry. For this purpose, 455 individuals of C. undecimalis and 176 of C. parallelus were collected from artisanal fishermen of the coast of the state of Alagoas, Brazil. The sagittal otoliths were measured for length, height, perimeter, area and weighed. The potential and polyphasic models were fitted between total fish length and otolith length. The morphotypes otoliths wen describe by form Fourier descriptors and shape indices. The polyphasic model detected three growth phases. The first stanza for C. undecimalis was at 46.8 cm and the second at 75.9 cm. For C. parallelus, it was at 18.8 cm and at 41.2 cm. Each stanza has a specific otoliths morphotype in both species. The otoliths of C. undecimalis and C. parallelus exhibited ontogenetic allometric changes in their growth pattern with two stanzas changing points. The stanzas corresponded to specific lengths reached by individuals over their life cycles, such as their size at maturity and length at sexual reversion.

Length–weight allometric relationships in four crustaceans from Alberta lakes and ponds

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (11) ◽  
pp. 1303-1310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham R. Daborn
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Single Equation ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Allometric Relationships ◽  
Growth Phases ◽  
Phase Growth ◽  
Larval Phase ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Number Of Segments

The relationship between length and dry weight was studied in Branchinecta gigas Lynch, Branchinecta mackini Dexter, Eubranchipus bundyi (Forbes) (Anostraca), and Diaptomus nevadensis Light (Copepoda) from shallow lakes in Alberta. Two distinct allometric equations were required to accommodate changes in length–weight relationships during the life cycles of Branchinecta and were also found applicable to Diaptomus. All of these species batch as first nauplii. Their life cycles may therefore be described as consisting of two growth phases: a larval phase terminating upon attainment of the definitive adult number of segments and characterized by predominantly anamorphic growth in length, with exponents of 1.45 (B. gigas), 1.51 (B. mackini), and 1.74 (D. nevadensis); and a postlarval phase of more rapid increase in dry weight. During the latter phase, growth exponents were 3.24 in B. gigas, 2.36 and 2.57 respectively in male and female B. mackini, and 3.39 and 3.61 in D. nevadensis males and females. In contrast, a single equation with an exponent of 2.46 was found to be adequate for Eubranchipus bundyi, which passes through the first metanauplial stages enclosed within the blastoderm cuticle.

scholarly journals Morphology and morphometric relationships for sagitta otoliths in Lutjanus argentiventris (Pisces: Lutjanidae) and Hyporthodus acanthistius (Pisces: Serranidae) from the Colombian Pacific Ocean

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Puentes-Granada ◽  
Paola Rojas ◽  
Giovanni Pavolini ◽  
Carlos Fernando Gutierrez ◽  
Angel Andres Villa
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Fish Length ◽  
Otolith Growth ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Fish Weight ◽  
Red Grouper ◽  
Distal Surface ◽  
Total Fish ◽  
Yellow Snapper ◽  
Colombian Pacific

Fish earstones, or otoliths, are  inner ear structures that can be studied to determine a fish’s age and are a source of taxonomically informative data. In the present work, sagitta otoliths of the Yellowtail snapper (Lutjanus argentiventris) and the Red grouper (Hyporthodus acanthistius) were collected in the Colombian Pacific, and their key morphological features were studied. Otoliths of the Yellow tail snapper were distinctly concave by their distal surface, revealing features shared with species of its genus (Lutjanus). Red grouper otoliths were elliptic and compressed laterally by their proximal surface, bearing similarities to those of other Serranid species. Morphometric relationships between otolith size weight and whole fish size and weight were also studied. In Red groupers significant statistical morphometric relationships between otolith and body features were found via power regression models; successfully relating otolith length with total fish length, otolith weight with total fish length, otolith length with total fish weight, and otolith weight with total fish weight. No significant morphometric relationships were found for the Yellow snapper data. In both fish species, otolith transversal sections proved best to identify its internal features and to distinguish otolith growth rings, as a method for determining the specimen’s age.

Fish population size, and not density, as the determining factor of parasite infection: a case study

Parasitology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 128 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. BAGGE ◽  
R. POULIN ◽  
E. T. VALTONEN
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Fish Population ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Fish Length ◽  
Total Fish ◽  
Infection Parameters ◽  
The Mean

The diversity and abundance of parasites vary widely among populations of the same host species. These infection parameters are, to some extent, determined by characteristics of the host population or of its habitat. Recent studies have supported predictions derived from epidemiological models regarding the influence of host population density: parasite abundance and parasite species richness are expected to increase with increasing host population density, at least for directly transmitted parasites. Here, we test this prediction using a natural system in which populations of the crucian carp, Carassius carassius (L.), occur alone, with no other fish species, in a series of 9 isolated ponds in Finland. The ectoparasite communities in these fish populations consist of only 4 species of monogeneans (Dactylogyrus formosus, D. wegeneri, D. intermedius and Gyrodactylus carassii); the total and relative abundance of these 4 species varies among ponds, with one or two of the species missing from certain ponds. Across ponds, only one factor, total fish population size, explained a significant portion of the variance in both the mean number of monogenean species per fish and the mean total abundance of monogenean individual per fish. In contrast, fish population density did not influence either monogenean abundance or species richness, and neither did any of the other variables investigated (mean fish length per pond, number of fish examined per pond, distance to the nearest lake, and several water quality measures). In our system, proximity among fish individuals (i.e. host population density) may not be relevant to the proliferation of monogeneans; instead, the overall availability of host individuals in the host population appeared to be the main constraint limiting parasite population growth.

scholarly journals Emergent multicellular life cycles in filamentous bacteria owing to density-dependent population dynamics

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (65) ◽  
pp. 1772-1784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Rossetti ◽  
Manuela Filippini ◽  
Miroslav Svercel ◽  
A. D. Barbour ◽  
Homayoun C. Bagheri
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Generation Time ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Filamentous Bacteria ◽  
Growth Phases

Filamentous bacteria are the oldest and simplest known multicellular life forms. By using computer simulations and experiments that address cell division in a filamentous context, we investigate some of the ecological factors that can lead to the emergence of a multicellular life cycle in filamentous life forms. The model predicts that if cell division and death rates are dependent on the density of cells in a population, a predictable cycle between short and long filament lengths is produced. During exponential growth, there will be a predominance of multicellular filaments, while at carrying capacity, the population converges to a predominance of short filaments and single cells. Model predictions are experimentally tested and confirmed in cultures of heterotrophic and phototrophic bacterial species. Furthermore, by developing a formulation of generation time in bacterial populations, it is shown that changes in generation time can alter length distributions. The theory predicts that given the same population growth curve and fitness, species with longer generation times have longer filaments during comparable population growth phases. Characterization of the environmental dependence of morphological properties such as length, and the number of cells per filament, helps in understanding the pre-existing conditions for the evolution of developmental cycles in simple multicellular organisms. Moreover, the theoretical prediction that strains with the same fitness can exhibit different lengths at comparable growth phases has important implications. It demonstrates that differences in fitness attributed to morphology are not the sole explanation for the evolution of life cycles dominated by multicellularity.

scholarly journals Divergent leaf shapes among Passiflora species arise from a shared juvenile morphology

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel H. Chitwood ◽  
Wagner C. Otoni
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Fourier Descriptors ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Relative Area ◽  
Temporal Development ◽  
Allometric Relationships ◽  
Linear Relationships

AbstractPREMISE OF THE STUDYNot only does leaf shape vary between Passiflora species, but between sequential nodes of the vine. The profound changes in leaf shape within Passiflora vines reflect the temporal development of the shoot apical meristem from which leaves are derived and patterned, a phenomenon known as heteroblasty.METHODSWe perform a morphometric analysis of more than 3,300 leaves from 40 different Passiflora species using two different methods: homologous landmarks and Elliptical Fourier Descriptors (EFDs).KEY RESULTSChanges in leaf shape across the vine are first quantified in allometric terms; that is, changes in the relative area of leaf sub-regions expressed in terms of overall leaf area. Shape is constrained to strict linear relationships as a function of size that vary between species. Statistical analysis of leaf shape, using landmarks and EFDs, reveals that species effects are the strongest, followed by interaction effects, and negligible heteroblasty effects. The ability of different nodes to predictively discriminate species and the variability of landmark and EFD traits at each node is then analyzed. Heteroblastic trajectories, the changes in leaf shape between the first and last measured leaves in a vine, are then compared between species in a multivariate space.CONCLUSIONLeaf shape diversity among Passiflora species is expressed in a heteroblastic-dependent manner. Leaf shape is constrained by linear, allometric relationships related to leaf size that vary between species. There is a strong species x heteroblasty interaction effect for leaf shape, suggesting that different leaf shapes between species arise through changes in shape across nodes. The first leaves in the series are not only more like each other, but are also less variable across species. From this similar, shared leaf shape, subsequent leaves in the heteroblastic series follow divergent morphological trajectories. The disparate leaf shapes characteristic of Passiflora species arise from a shared, juvenile morphology.

scholarly journals Food and feeding habits of the clupeid, Gonialosa manmina (Ham.) from the Kaptai Lake, Bangladesh

2013 ◽  
pp. 53-61
Author(s):  
MA Azadi ◽  
M Nasiruddin ◽  
ASMS Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Fish Length ◽  
Feeding Intensity ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Intestine Length ◽  
Food And Feeding ◽  
Total Fish ◽  
Post Spawning ◽  
Gut Length

Food and feeding habits of Gonialosa manmina were done by the analysis of 197 guts of the fish using both occurrence and point methods and also by the Index of preponderance. As per Index of preponderance, the preferred food items were graded as cladocerans (65.34%-1st), copepods (20.96%-2nd), miscellaneous (8.89%-3rd), rotifers (2.81% 4th) and bacillariophyceae (0.77% 5th). High feeding intensity was observed during pre and post spawning months. Significant (P<0.01) positive relationships were observed between the total length (TL) and total gut length (TGL) (TGL=2.09799TL0.89677, r=0.963, t=10.22), total length (TL) and stomach length (StL)(StL=0.18447TL0.7599, r=0.997, t= 39.92), and total length (TL) and intestine length (IL) (IL=0.99105TL1.0256, r=0.9854, t=16.37). Total fish length was slightly shorter than the gut length (1:1.31) and more than 91% animal nature gut contents confirmed that the fish was mainly a surface feeder zooplanktivore in Kaptai lake. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cujbs.v4i1.13386 The Chittagong Univ. J. B. Sci.,Vol. 4(1&2):53-61, 2009

The diversity and natural history of parasites

2021 ◽  
pp. 19-50
Author(s):  
Paul Schmid-Hempel
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Growth Phases ◽  
New Host ◽  
Complex Life Cycles ◽  
Parasitic Species ◽  
Parasitic Lifestyle ◽  
History Of

Parasites are more numerous than non-parasitic species and have evolved in virtually all groups of organisms, such as viruses, prokaryotes (bacteria), protozoa, fungi, nematodes, flatworms, acantocephalans, annelids, crustaceans, and arthropods (crustacea, mites, ticks, insects). These groups have adapted to the parasitic lifestyle in very many ways. Evolution towards parasitism has also followed different routes. Initial steps such as phoresy, followed by later consumption of the transport host, are plausible evolutionary routes. Alternatively, formerly free-living forms have become commensals before evolving parasitism. Complex life cycles with several hosts evolved by scenarios such as upward (adding a new host upwards in the food chain), downward, or lateral incorporation, driven by the advantage of extending growth phases within hosts and increasing fecundity. Examples are digenea; other parasites have added vectors to their life cycle.

scholarly journals Methods and results of in situ target-strength measurements of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) during combined trawl-acoustic surveys

2009 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 1225-1232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viacheslav A. Ermolchev
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Barents Sea ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
Target Strength ◽  
Fish Length ◽  
The Barents Sea ◽  
Total Fish ◽  
Acoustic Surveys

Abstract Ermolchev, V. A., 2009. Methods and results of in situ target-strength measurements of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) during combined trawl-acoustic surveys. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1225–1232. This paper presents methods for collecting acoustic and biological data, including in situ target-strength (TS) estimates of fish, with results presented for Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) obtained from combined trawl-acoustic surveys. These include fish in the small, average, and maximum length classes, within the range 5–136 cm (total fish length, LT). The investigations were done using Simrad EK500/EK60 echosounders with split-beam transducers and special post-processing software. Based on an analysis of data collected in the Barents Sea during 1998–2007, a relationship TS = 25.2 log10(LT) − 74.8 was obtained for Atlantic cod at 38 kHz, with TS in dB and LT in centimetres. Seasonally, and for depths between 50 and 500 m, the variability in cod TS was 3.1 dB, decreasing with depth. The largest day–night difference in mean TS was in August–September, with changes as large as 1.0–1.7 dB. In the other seasons, the day–night difference was <1.0 dB.

scholarly journals The emergence of cooperation from a single mutant during microbial life cycles

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (108) ◽  
pp. 20150171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Melbinger ◽  
Jonas Cremer ◽  
Erwin Frey
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycles ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Cooperative Behaviour ◽  
Population Bottlenecks ◽  
Growth Phases ◽  
Evolutionary Mechanisms ◽  
Microbial Life ◽  
Single Mutant ◽  
Emergence Of Cooperation ◽  
Fixation Probabilities

Cooperative behaviour is widespread in nature, even though cooperating individuals always run the risk of being exploited by free-riders. Population structure effectively promotes cooperation given that a threshold in the level of cooperation was already reached. However, the question how cooperation can emerge from a single mutant, which cannot rely on a benefit provided by other cooperators, is still puzzling. Here, we investigate this question for a well-defined but generic situation based on typical life cycles of microbial populations where individuals regularly form new colonies followed by growth phases. We analyse two evolutionary mechanisms favouring cooperative behaviour and study their strength depending on the inoculation size and the length of a life cycle. In particular, we find that population bottlenecks followed by exponential growth phases strongly increase the survival and fixation probabilities of a single cooperator in a free-riding population.

Kinematics of plaice,Pleuronectes platessa, and cod,Gadus morhua, swimming near the bottom

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (14) ◽  
pp. 2125-2134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul W. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Fish Length ◽  
Slender Body Theory ◽  
Pleuronectes Platessa ◽  
Total Fish ◽  
Anterior Body ◽  
Body Theory ◽  
Swimming Kinematics

SUMMARYThe kinematics of plaice (Pleuronectes platessa, L=22.1 cm) and cod (Gadus morhua, L=25.0 cm, where L is total fish length)swimming at various speeds at the bottom and lifted to heights, h, of 10, 50 and 100 mm by a thin-wire grid were measured. For cod, tailbeat frequency, amplitude, body and fin span and propulsive wavelength were unaffected by h and varied with speed as described for fusiform pelagic species. In contrast, the kinematics of plaice was affected by h. Body and fin spans and propulsive wavelength were independent of swimming speed and h. Tailbeat amplitude was independent of swimming speed, but averaged 1.5 cm at h=0 and 2.5 cm at h≥10 mm. Plaice tailbeat frequency increased with swimming speed for fish at the bottom but was independent of swimming speed at h=10, 50 and 100 mm,averaging 4.6, 6.0 and 5.8 Hz respectively. Total mechanical power, P, produced by propulsive movements calculated from the bulk-momentum form of elongated slender-body theory was similar for cod and plaice swimming at the bottom but, at h≥10 mm, P for plaice was larger than that for cod. Plaice support their weight in water by swimming at a small tilt angle. The small changes in swimming kinematics with swimming speed are attributed to decreasing induced power costs to support the weight as speed increases. The contribution of the tail to power output increased monotonically with the tail gap/span ratio, z/B, for z/B=0.23 (h=0 mm) to z/B=1.1 (h=50 mm). The smaller tailbeat amplitude of the tail decreased both z/B and the power output for plaice swimming at the bottom. For the maximum body and fin span of plaice, the contribution to power output increased for local z/B values of 0.044 (h-0 mm) to 0.1 (h=10 mm) and declined somewhat at larger values of z/B. The smaller effect of the bottom on power output of the largespan anterior body sections may result from the resorption of much of the upstream wake at the re-entrant downstream tail.

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