scholarly journals PORTUGUESE LINGUISTIC COLONISATION AND LANGUAGE POLICY: BRAZIL AND MOZAMBIQUE, BETWEEN DIVERSITY, INEQUALITY AND DIFFERENCES

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (41) ◽  
pp. 3-14
Author(s):  
Bethania Mariani
Keyword(s):  
Language Policy ◽  
Colonisation Process ◽  
Do So

Abstract: This article aims to discuss conceptually the distinctions between diversity, inequality and difference in relation to the Portuguese language of two nations that underwent processes of linguistic colonisation. To do so, it intends to present shifts in the meaning of the Portuguese language during the colonisation process and the post-independence process in Brazil and Mozambique.

La francisation de la langue de travail au Québec

1990 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphane Dion ◽  
Gaëtane Lamy
Keyword(s):  
Language Policy ◽  
Private Enterprises ◽  
Specific Language ◽  
Democratic Government ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Government ◽  
Language Law ◽  
Strict Rule ◽  
Do So

SUMMARY Francization of the Language of the Workplace in Quebec: Constraints and Achievements Is it possible for a democratic government to compel private enterprises to work in a specific language? The government of Quebec is one of the few to have tried to do so. Since 1977 the law has required private enterprises to use French as their usual and normal working language. For this purpose, a process of "francization" has been initiated under the direction of the Office de la langue française. This paper describes the Quebec language law, assesses experience with it, and suggests some explanations for the results observed. It seems that progress with French has been more difficult and slower than expected because of resistance from corporations, fear of invalidation by the courts, political hesitation, and bureaucratization of the process. The Quebec case suggests that a compromise between a strict rule and flexible implementation is necessary for the success of a working language policy, but that such compromise is difficult to achieve. RESUMO Francigo de la laboreja lingvo en Kebekio: Limigoj kaj atingoj Ĉu demokrata registaro kapablas devigi privatajn entreprenojn labori per specifa lingvo? La registaro de Kebekio estas inter la malmultaj, kiuj tion klopodis. Depost 1977, ĝi leĝe devigas privatajn entreprenojn uzi la francan kiel sian kutiman kaj normalan laborlingvon. Tiucele, komencigis procedo de "francigo" sub gvido de la Oficejo de la Franca Lingvo. La artikolo priskribas la kebekian lingvan legon, taksas la spertojn kaj donas kelkajn klarigojn pri la konstatataj rezultoj. Sajnas, ke progreso pri la franca estas pli malfacila kaj malpli rapida ol oni atendis, pro rezisto flanke de la entreprenoj, timoj pri kortuma renverso de la leĝo, politika hezito kaj burokratigo de la procedo. La kazo de Kebekio sugestas la neceson kompromisi inter striktaj reguloj kaj fleksebla apliko se oni volas sukcesigi politikon pri laboreja lingvo, sed ke tia kompromiso estas malfacile atingebla.

scholarly journals Moroccan Students’ Attitudes Towards Local and Foreign Languages: The Role of Self-Directed and Language Policy Forces

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-320
Author(s):  
Abdelmajid Bouziane
Keyword(s):  
Language Policy ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Official Policy ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
Empirical Perspective ◽  
Students Attitudes ◽  
Do So

Ths article contributes to the hot debate on language preferences and choice at schools and society at large in Morocco from an empirical perspective. It investigates the Moroccan students’ attitudes towards the languages they use in their daily interactions and those that are widely used in the Moroccan education system and attempts to explain whether these attitudes are driven by intrinsic forces or by the language policy orientations set by decision makers. To do so, 1,477 respondents belonging to different school levels and disciplines completed a survey about their frequency of use and mastery of languages, as well as their preferences of language use in the future. Findings show that Moroccan students have positive attitudes towards all languages and would like to use foreign languages for instrumental purposes. They also show that such positive attitudes do not depend on the level of mastery of these languages, nor on their use as mediums of instruction or communication. The findings imply that attitudes towards languages in Morocco are rooted in factors beyond the official policy orientations.

Bilingual Education and English-Only: A Language-Planning Framework

1990 ◽  
Vol 508 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
NANCY H. HORNBERGER
Keyword(s):  
Bilingual Education ◽  
Language Policy ◽  
Language Planning ◽  
Policy Issue ◽  
Systematic Treatment ◽  
English Only ◽  
Education Legislation ◽  
Planning Framework ◽  
English Usage ◽  
Do So

Public debate about English-only invariably includes reference to bilingual education; furthermore, both are recognized to be language-policy issues. Yet there has been no systematic treatment of English-only placing it within a language-planning framework that also includes bilingual education. This article attempts to do so, examining English-only in the context of corpus and status language-planning types; restrictive and expansive goals; aims, implementation, and evaluation processes; and language-as-problem, language-as-right, and language-as-resource orientations. It argues that a complete consideration of this language-policy issue needs to include both bilingual-education legislation and the widespread concern for English usage; that English-only goals need to be contrasted with other language-planning goals; and that both the underlying orientations and the future implementation of English-only policies properly belong in the arena of debate.

Holding replication studies to mainstream standards of evidence

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duane T. Wegener ◽  
Leandre R. Fabrigar
Keyword(s):  
Replication Studies ◽  
Replication Research ◽  
Standards Of Evidence ◽  
Do So

AbstractReplications can make theoretical contributions, but are unlikely to do so if their findings are open to multiple interpretations (especially violations of psychometric invariance). Thus, just as studies demonstrating novel effects are often expected to empirically evaluate competing explanations, replications should be held to similar standards. Unfortunately, this is rarely done, thereby undermining the value of replication research.

Electron Microscopy of a Herpesvirus Isolated from Marek's Disease in Duck and Chicken Embryo Fibroblast Cultures

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 222-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyvan Nazerian
Keyword(s):  
Inclusion Bodies ◽  
Chicken Embryo Fibroblast ◽  
Marek's Disease ◽  
Marek’S Disease ◽  
Duck Embryo Fibroblast ◽  
Multinucleated Cells ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
And Control ◽  
Do So

A herpes-like virus has been isolated from duck embryo fibroblast (DEF) cultures inoculated with blood from Marek's disease (MD) infected birds. Cultures which contained this virus produced MD in susceptible chickens while virus negative cultures and control cultures failed to do so. This and other circumstantial evidence including similarities in properties of the virus and the MD agent implicate this virus in the etiology of MD.Histochemical studies demonstrated the presence of DNA-staining intranuclear inclusion bodies in polykarocytes in infected cultures. Distinct nucleo-plasmic aggregates were also seen in sections of similar multinucleated cells examined with the electron microscope. These aggregates are probably the same as the inclusion bodies seen with the light microscope. Naked viral particles were observed in the nucleus of infected cells within or on the edges of the nucleoplasmic aggregates. These particles measured 95-100mμ, in diameter and rarely escaped into the cytoplasm or nuclear vesicles by budding through the nuclear membrane (Fig. 1). The enveloped particles (Fig. 2) formed in this manner measured 150-170mμ in diameter and always had a densely stained nucleoid. The virus in supernatant fluids consisted of naked capsids with 162 hollow, cylindrical capsomeres (Fig. 3). Enveloped particles were not seen in such preparations.

Debates in Dysphagia Management: How Do You Use Evidence-Based Practice in Your Dysphagia Patient Care?

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 121-123
Author(s):  
Jeri A. Logemann
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Patient Care ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Clinical Judgment ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Evidence Based Practice ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Clinical Method ◽  
Do So

Evidence-based practice requires astute clinicians to blend our best clinical judgment with the best available external evidence and the patient's own values and expectations. Sometimes, we value one more than another during clinical decision-making, though it is never wise to do so, and sometimes other factors that we are unaware of produce unanticipated clinical outcomes. Sometimes, we feel very strongly about one clinical method or another, and hopefully that belief is founded in evidence. Some beliefs, however, are not founded in evidence. The sound use of evidence is the best way to navigate the debates within our field of practice.

The Persnickety Pervasiveness of Rating Enhancement in Personality Assessment

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Alicia A. Stachowski ◽  
John T. Kulas
Keyword(s):  
Response Bias ◽  
Personality Assessment ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
Psychological Measurement ◽  
Shared Sets ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Original Target ◽  
Target Profile ◽  
Do So ◽  
Normative Influences

Abstract. The current paper explores whether self and observer reports of personality are properly viewed through a contrasting lens (as opposed to a more consonant framework). Specifically, we challenge the assumption that self-reports are more susceptible to certain forms of response bias than are informant reports. We do so by examining whether selves and observers are similarly or differently drawn to socially desirable and/or normative influences in personality assessment. Targets rated their own personalities and recommended another person to also do so along shared sets of items diversely contaminated with socially desirable content. The recommended informant then invited a third individual to additionally make ratings of the original target. Profile correlations, analysis of variances (ANOVAs), and simple patterns of agreement/disagreement consistently converged on a strong normative effect paralleling item desirability, with all three rater types exhibiting a tendency to reject socially undesirable descriptors while also endorsing desirable indicators. These tendencies were, in fact, more prominent for informants than they were for self-raters. In their entirety, our results provide a note of caution regarding the strategy of using non-self informants as a comforting comparative benchmark within psychological measurement applications.

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