scholarly journals The transition from memory retrieval to extinction

2004 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 573-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martín Cammarota ◽  
Daniela M. Barros ◽  
Mónica R.M. Vianna ◽  
Lia R.M. Bevilaqua ◽  
Adriana Coitinho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basolateral Amygdala ◽  
Conditioned Fear ◽  
Test Session ◽  
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors ◽  
Molecular Systems ◽  
Safe Area ◽  
The Us ◽  
New Learning ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Training Apparatus

Memory is measured by measuring retrieval. Retrieval is often triggered by the conditioned stimulus (CS); however, as known since Pavlov, presentation of the CS alone generates extinction. One-trial avoidance (IA) is a much used conditioned fear paradigm in which the CS is the safe part of a training apparatus, the unconditioned stimulus (US) is a footshock and the conditioned response is to stay in the safe area. In IA, retrieval is measured without the US, as latency to step-down from the safe area (i.e., a platform). Extinction is installed at the moment of the first unreinforced test session, as clearly shown by the fact that many drugs, including PKA, ERK and protein synthesis inhibitors as well as NMDA receptor antagonists, hinder extinction when infused into the hippocampus or the basolateral amygdala at the moment of the first test session but not later. Some, but not all the molecular systems required for extinction are also activated by retrieval, further endorsing the hypothesis that although retrieval is behaviorally and biochemically necessary for the generation of extinction, this last process constitutes a new learning secondary to the unreinforced expression of the original trace.

scholarly journals Comparative-Legal Analysis of Alternative Tax Dispute Resolution: the Practice of the Russian Federation, the United States, the Netherlands and Germany

2017 ◽  
pp. 58-64
Author(s):  
Елена Цветкова ◽  
Elena Tsvetkova
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
The United States ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Main Trend ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Moment

The main trend of recent years is the complication of tax administration. In order to improve it states develop forms of work with taxpayers, including alternative tax dispute resolution. The author analyses alternative tax dispute resolution that have already developed in Russia and compares them with similar procedures in the United States, the Netherlands and Germany. To the alternative methods that are applied in Russia the author refers tax monitoring and agreement on the settlement of a tax dispute. Tax monitoring is not seen as a form of tax control, but as a mean of resolving and preventing the occurrence of a tax dispute. The conclusion of an agreement between a tax authority and a taxpayer on the settlement of a dispute in court is possible by reaching a compromise on the qualification of relations, on actual circumstances, on the interpretation of the tax rate. The article contains examples of programs that exist in the US and Germany in the sphere of tax dispute resolution. Also issues related to the implementation of the mediation procedure existing in the United States, the Netherlands and Germany and the possibility of their application in Russia are considered. The author emphasizes the impossibility of applying the procedure of mediation in tax disputes in Russia at the moment due to the lack of legislative regulation.

The origins of the so-called regius professorships: an aspect of the renaissance in Oxford and Cambridge

1977 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 271-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Donald Logan
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Institutional Framework ◽  
Corpus Christi ◽  
New Learning ◽  
New Foundations ◽  
Pedagogy And Curriculum ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Traditional Pedagogy

The universities at Oxford and Cambridge constituted two of the principal foci for the forces favouring renewal in sixteenth-century England. The towering personalities of John Fisher and Erasmus of Rotterdam set the goal of loosening the bonds of the traditional pedagogy and curriculum. The establishment of new foundations such as, at Cambridge, Christ College and, even more immediately, St John’s College and, at Oxford, Corpus Christi College and Cardinal College provided an institutional framework for the new learning. So, too, did the provisions for new ‘professorships’—the term will be used for the moment.

scholarly journals Affording autism an early brain development re-definition

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 1175-1189
Author(s):  
Ami Klin ◽  
Megan Micheletti ◽  
Cheryl Klaiman ◽  
Sarah Shultz ◽  
John N. Constantino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Science And Policy ◽  
National Priority ◽  
The Us ◽  
Early Brain Development ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Current Science

AbstractThe national priority to advance early detection and intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has not reduced the late age of ASD diagnosis in the US over several consecutive Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) surveillance cohorts, with traditionally under-served populations accessing diagnosis later still. In this review, we explore a potential perceptual barrier to this enterprise which views ASD in terms that are contradicted by current science, and which may have its origins in the current definition of the condition and in its historical associations. To address this perceptual barrier, we propose a re-definition of ASD in early brain development terms, with a view to revisit the world of opportunities afforded by current science to optimize children's outcomes despite the risks that they are born with. This view is presented here to counter outdated notions that potentially devastating disability is determined the moment a child is born, and that these burdens are inevitable, with opportunities for improvement being constrained to only alleviation of symptoms or limited improvements in adaptive skills. The impetus for this piece is the concern that such views of complex neurodevelopmental conditions, such as ASD, can become self-fulfilling science and policy, in ways that are diametrically opposed to what we currently know, and are learning every day, of how genetic risk becomes, or not, instantiated as lifetime disabilities.

scholarly journals Neuropeptide Y in the basolateral amygdala modulates the acquisition of conditioned fear

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramon O Tasan ◽  
Dilip Verma ◽  
Herbert Herzog ◽  
Günther Sperk
Keyword(s):  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Basolateral Amygdala ◽  
Conditioned Fear

Backtracking to Reformulate: Establishing the Bosnian Federation

1996 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 525-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Rudman
Keyword(s):  
Side Payments ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Moment ◽  
New Formula

AbstractUpon the failure of the Vance-Owen and Owen-Stoltenberg efforts to devise a formula to deal with the Bosnian problem, the US took over the mediator's role. Instead of coming up with a new formula, it backtracked to parts of earlier proposals and led the parties to a solution based on an exchange of a Croat-Muslim federation in Bosnia for a confederation between that federation and Croatia. This was possible because the moment had become ripe through the development of a perception that continued war was a self-inflicted pain for no chance of unilateral gain, and through the application of side payments of aid and recognition that the mediator could deploy.

“A distant mirror”: Sensemaking in the era of Trump

Leadership ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 174271502095408
Author(s):  
Sarah Chace ◽  
Benjamin T Lynerd ◽  
Adrianna DeSantis
Keyword(s):  
Individual Case ◽  
Presidential Power ◽  
Seminal Contribution ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Constitution ◽  
Us Senate ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The One ◽  
The Way

Sensemaking is an ongoing act of constructing a reality to be interpreted. While numerous articles have explored the notion of sensemaking in organizations, far fewer have examined it through the empirical prism of an individual case of sensemaking, with the notable exception of Weick’s seminal contribution and formulation, “The Collapse of Sensemaking in Organizations: The Mann Gulch Disaster” (1993). In this article, we seek to build on the literature of sensemaking in organizations by offering an analysis of the actions of former Republican Senator Jeff Flake, whose leadership interventions we interpret as efforts at sensemaking in the era of Trump. In this context, we focus on the US Senate as an organ of sensemaking established by the framers of the Constitution to be relied upon in times of disruption, confusion, and chaos—a check on presidential power established by the framers of the US Constitution to provide prospective sensemaking for uncharted waters. In analyzing the case of Jeff Flake as sense-maker, we rely on certain definitions of leadership embedded in the era of post-truth. We conclude that Flake’s actions may be seen as a distant mirror (to quote Tuchman, 1978) of Weick’s treatment of the storied smokejumper Wag Dodge—a sense-maker whose persuasive powers failed him in the moment, only to be viewed in retrospect as the one who paved the way forward toward survival in the midst of a “cosmological episode.”

scholarly journals Effects of optogenetic photoexcitation of infralimbic cortex inputs to the basolateral amygdala on conditioned fear and extinction

2021 ◽  
Vol 396 ◽  
pp. 112913
Author(s):  
Olena Bukalo ◽  
Mio Nonaka ◽  
Chase A. Weinholtz ◽  
Adriana Mendez ◽  
William W. Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basolateral Amygdala ◽  
Conditioned Fear ◽  
Infralimbic Cortex

scholarly journals A Biologically Realistic Network Model of Acquisition and Extinction of Conditioned Fear Associations in Lateral Amygdala Neurons

2009 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 1629-1646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guoshi Li ◽  
Satish S. Nair ◽  
Gregory J. Quirk
Keyword(s):  
Fear Conditioning ◽  
Network Model ◽  
Basolateral Amygdala ◽  
Conditioned Fear ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Model Learning ◽  
Lateral Amygdala ◽  
Single Structure ◽  
Firing Properties

The basolateral amygdala plays an important role in the acquisition and expression of both fear conditioning and fear extinction. To understand how a single structure could encode these “opposite” memories, we developed a biophysical network model of the lateral amygdala (LA) neurons during auditory fear conditioning and extinction. Membrane channel properties were selected to match waveforms and firing properties of pyramidal cells and interneurons in LA, from published in vitro studies. Hebbian plasticity was implemented in excitatory AMPA and inhibitory GABAA receptor-mediated synapses to model learning. The occurrence of synaptic potentiation versus depression was determined by intracellular calcium levels, according to the calcium control hypothesis. The model was able to replicate conditioning- and extinction-induced changes in tone responses of LA neurons in behaving rats. Our main finding is that LA activity during both acquisition and extinction can be controlled by a balance between pyramidal cell and interneuron activations. Extinction training depressed conditioned synapses and also potentiated local interneurons, thereby inhibiting the responses of pyramidal cells to auditory input. Both long-term depression and potentiation of inhibition were required to initiate and maintain extinction. The model provides insights into the sites of plasticity in conditioning and extinction, the mechanism of spontaneous recovery, and the role of amygdala NMDA receptors in extinction learning.

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