scholarly journals Pentavalent antimonial nephrotoxicity in the rat

1990 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 304-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Paulo R. Veiga ◽  
Rashida Khanam ◽  
Tânia T. Rosa ◽  
Luiz F. Junqueira Jr. ◽  
Plínio C. Brant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Free Water ◽  
Fractional Excretion ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Urine Concentration ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Urinary Flow ◽  
Free Water Clearance ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Histopathological Alterations ◽  
Fractional Excretion Of Sodium

Aspects of the renal function were assessed in rats treated with the pentavalent antimonials Glucantime (Meglumine Antimoniate, Rhodia) or Pentostam (Sodium Stibogluconate, Wellcome). In dose of 30 mg of Sb v (Glucantime or Pentostam) by 100 mg of weight by day for 30 days, renal functional changes were observed consisting of disturbances in urine concentrating capacity. Such disturbances were expressed by significantly low values of urine osmolality as compared to the basal values previous to the drugs. The decrease in urine osmolality was associated to a significant increase in urinary flow and in negative free-water clearance. There was no alteration in osmolar clearance and in fractional excretion of sodium. These observations suggest an interference of the drugs in the action of the antidiuretic hormone. The disturbance in urine concentration was reversible after a seven days period without the drugs administration. No significant histopathological alterations were observed in the kidneys of the rats treated with the drugs. On the other hand, the rats treated with a high dose of Pentostam (200 mg/100 grams of weight/day) showed the functional and the histopathological alterations of the acute tubular necrosis.

Vasopressin is involved in renal effects of high-protein diet: study in homozygous Brattleboro rats

1991 ◽  
Vol 260 (1) ◽  
pp. F96-F100 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Bouby ◽  
M. M. Trinh-Trang-Tan ◽  
C. Coutaud ◽  
L. Bankir
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Free Water ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Urine Concentration ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Brattleboro Rats ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Free Water Clearance ◽  
Water Clearance

The present study was designed to test the possible role of vasopressin in the renal response to dietary protein. This possibility was suggested by the similarity of effects on renal function and morphology of chronic high-protein intake and chronic stimulation of urine concentration. Adult male Brattleboro rats, genetically unable to produce vasopressin, were fed high-protein (32% casein = HP, n = 8) or low-protein (10% casein = LP, n = 9) diet for 7 wk. Renal function was evaluated by clearance techniques based on 24-h urine collections in metabolic cages. The response to a single injection of the vasopressin analogue 1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) was also tested. Kidney weight and height of the different renal zones were assessed at the end of the study. HP diet increased urea excretion nearly sevenfold. Water intake increased by 57% (P less than 0.001) and urine flow rate by 71% (P less than 0.01). Urine osmolality rose from 104 to 181 mosmol/kgH2O (P less than 0.001). At variance with what occurs in rats with endogenous vasopressin (Sprague-Dawley; Bouby, N., et al. Kidney Int 34: 4-12, 1988), HP diet increased creatinine clearance per unit body weight by only 14% and did not change free water clearance, renal mass, and height of inner stripe of outer medulla. However, the rise in urine osmolality and drop in free water clearance after DDAVP were significantly greater in HP- than in LP-fed Brattleboro rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Nephron site of effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on solute excretion in humans

1983 ◽  
Vol 244 (2) ◽  
pp. F134-F139 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kaojarern ◽  
P. Chennavasin ◽  
S. Anderson ◽  
D. C. Brater
Keyword(s):  
Free Water ◽  
Fractional Excretion ◽  
Thick Ascending Limb ◽  
Diluting Segment ◽  
Free Water Clearance ◽  
Water Loading ◽  
Fractional Excretion Of Sodium ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Solute Excretion

Indomethacin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) decrease solute excretion when administered acutely to normal subjects. We performed clearance studies during water loading of 10 normal volunteers and during hydropenia in eight additional subjects to determine the nephron site of this effect using indomethacin and carprofen as inhibitors of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis. Their administration decreased fractional excretion of sodium, chloride, and volume. During water loading, fractional clearance of free water decreased from 0.13 +/- 0.04 during the control study to 0.09 +/- 0.03 and 0.06 +/- 0.02 with indomethacin and carprofen, respectively. However, fractional delivery of solute to the dilution segment decreased in parallel such that free water clearance corrected for delivery did not change with either drug. In humans, therefore, the decrement in solute excretion that occurs with administration of NSAIDs occurs prior to the diluting segment. During hydropenia, free water reabsorption relative to osmolar clearance increased (P less than 0.01). In both studies, neither the marker of renal perfusion or of proximal nephron function changed with inhibition of PG synthesis. The data indicate that at the tubular level, NSAIDs increase solute reabsorption at the medullary segment of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. Therefore, a physiologic role of renal prostaglandins at this nephron site is implied.

The Effect of Papillectomy on Renal Function in the Rat during Hydropenia and after an Acute Saline Load

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (7) ◽  
pp. 662-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Partial Nephrectomy ◽  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Renal Medulla ◽  
Fractional Excretion ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Renal Handling ◽  
Water Excretion ◽  
Fractional Excretion Of Sodium

The effect of unilateral papillectomy on renal function in the rat was compared with the effect of partial nephrectomy which produced a similar decrease in glomerular filtration rate (G.F.R.) in the presence of an intact papilla. Under hydropenic conditions the kidney with papillectomy had a higher urine flow rate, sodium excretion rate, fractional sodium excretion, and osmolar clearance, while urine osmolality was lower. After an acute saline load the differences in sodium and water excretion disappeared, and fractional excretion of sodium and water were significantly higher in both types of kidney damage than in the contralateral control kidney. Free water reabsorption was lower in the papillectomized kidney after saline loading. Thus removal of the papilla resulted in abnormalities in the renal handling of salt and water which varied with the state of hydration of the animal and which were distinct from the effects of a reduction in G.F.R. by partial nephrectomy. It was concluded that the site of nephron loss, whether mainly in the renal medulla or in the cortex, may be another factor, in addition to G.F.R. and tubular reabsorption, which influences sodium and water excretion by the moderately damaged kidney.

Characterization of the Natriuresis Caused in Normal Man by Immersion in Water

1972 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Epstein ◽  
D. C. Duncan ◽  
L. M. Fishman
Keyword(s):  
Water Immersion ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Fractional Excretion ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
Free Water Clearance ◽  
Fractional Excretion Of Sodium ◽  
Sodium Load ◽  
Proximal Tubular ◽  
Normal Man

1. The effects of 4–6 h of water immersion on the renal excretion of water and electrolytes were studied in thirteen normal male subjects in balance on a constant diet containing 150 mEq of Na and 100 mEq of K per day. Each subject was studied during a control period, consisting of quiet sitting, and during water immersion to the neck. 2. Immersion resulted in a natriuresis beginning within the first hour, with the rate of sodium excretion eventually exceeding that of the control period by 3–4-fold; potassium excretion also increased. Despite a progressively negative water balance during the immersion studies, urine flow was greater during the first 4 h and free water clearance was greater during the first 2 h of immersion than during the control study. 3. The demonstration of a highly significant increase in fractional excretion of sodium during immersion suggests that the natriuresis of water immersion is not attributable to changes in filtered sodium load. 4. The prompt onset of the natriuresis, the concomitant kaliuresis and the fact that aldosterone secretion under the conditions of study was probably already suppressed make it unlikely that the natriuresis of water immersion is mediated solely by decreases in aldosterone activity. 5. The data suggest that the natriuresis caused by water immersion is the result of decreased fractional reabsorption of sodium proximal to the renal diluting site. The mechanism whereby increased proximal tubular sodium rejection occurs in relation to immersion remains unclear.

Effect of Prolactin on Glomerular Filtration Rate

1978 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Riley ◽  
T. C. Hagen ◽  
J. E. Stefaniak
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Glomerular Filtration Rate ◽  
Glomerular Filtration ◽  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Flow Distribution ◽  
Fractional Excretion ◽  
Free Water Clearance ◽  
Fractional Excretion Of Sodium ◽  
Ovine Prolactin

1. The effect of infusion of ovine prolactin was studied in anaesthetized dogs pretreated with bromocryptine to reduce the release of endogenous prolactin. 2. Prolactin, injected intravenously and also directly into one kidney, resulted in a 12–18% increase in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by both kidneys. 3. This increased GFR was not associated with any demonstrable changes in whole-kidney blood flow, distribution of intrarenal blood flow, fractional excretion of sodium or osmolar or free-water clearance. 4. We conclude that ovine prolactin produced an increase in GFR not dependent on an increase in whole-kidney plasma flow.

scholarly journals Defective renal water handling in transgenic mice over-expressing human CD39/NTPDase1

2012 ◽  
Vol 303 (3) ◽  
pp. F420-F430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Zhang ◽  
Kaiya L. Morris ◽  
Shannon K. Sparrow ◽  
Karen M. Dwyer ◽  
Keiichi Enjyoji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Purinergic Receptor ◽  
Purinergic Signaling ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Fractional Excretion ◽  
Urinary Concentration ◽  
Free Water Clearance ◽  
Water Handling ◽  
Fractional Excretion Of Sodium ◽  
Urinary Concentrating Ability

Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 hydrolyzes extracellular ATP and ADP to AMP. Previously, we showed that CD39 is expressed at several sites within the kidney and thus may impact the availability of type 2 purinergic receptor (P2-R) ligands. Because P2-Rs appear to regulate urinary concentrating ability, we have evaluated renal water handling in transgenic mice (TG) globally overexpressing hCD39. Under basal conditions, TG mice exhibited significantly impaired urinary concentration and decreased protein abundance of AQP2 in the kidney compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Urinary excretion of total nitrates/nitrites was significantly higher in TG mice, but the excretion of AVP or PGE2 was equivalent to control WT mice. There were no significant differences in electrolyte-free water clearance or fractional excretion of sodium. Under stable hydrated conditions (gelled diet feeding), the differences between the WT and TG mice were negated, but the decrease in urine osmolality persisted. When water deprived, TG mice failed to adequately concentrate urine and exhibited impaired AVP responses. However, the increases in urinary osmolalities in response to subacute dDAVP or chronic AVP treatment were similar in TG and WT mice. These observations suggest that TG mice have impaired urinary concentrating ability despite normal AVP levels. We also note impaired AVP release in response to water deprivation but that TG kidneys are responsive to exogenous dDAVP or AVP. We infer that heightened nucleotide scavenging by increased levels of CD39 altered the release of endogenous AVP in response to dehydration. We propose that ectonucleotidases and modulated purinergic signaling impact urinary concentration and indicate potential utility of targeted therapy for the treatment of water balance disorders.

Effects of indomethacin on renal response to atrial natriuretic peptide

1987 ◽  
Vol 253 (5) ◽  
pp. F868-F873
Author(s):  
C. A. Gaillard ◽  
H. A. Koomans ◽  
A. J. Rabelink ◽  
E. J. Mees
Keyword(s):  
Natriuretic Peptide ◽  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Fractional Excretion ◽  
Lithium Clearance ◽  
Free Water Clearance ◽  
Fractional Excretion Of Sodium ◽  
Natriuretic Effect ◽  
Water Clearance

We studied the effect of alpha-human natriuretic peptide (ANP, 100 micrograms iv) on renal sodium handling in eight healthy subjects before and after 7 days of indomethacin (50 mg 3 times a day). Sodium intake was 100 mmol/day. Prior to indomethacin, ANP caused a fourfold rise in sodium excretion over the first 20 min and a threefold rise in fractional sodium excretion. The clearance studies, performed during maximal water diuresis, showed increased fractional free water clearance and lithium clearance. Indomethacin caused marked sodium retention. Complete escape did not occur until the sixth day, when cumulative balance was 244 mmol (range 176-337). By this time renin and aldosterone were suppressed and fractional lithium and free water clearance reduced. The natriuretic effect of ANP was not attenuated, and the fractional excretion of sodium and chloride rose even more than without indomethacin. The reduction in lithium and free water clearance under indomethacin tended to be reversed by ANP. These data suggest that the natriuretic effect of ANP is not mediated by or dependent on renal prostaglandins. Indomethacin and ANP appear to have opposite effects on sodium excretion, maximal free water clearance, and lithium clearance.

Diuretics in Chronic Renal Disease: A Study of High Dosage Frusemide

1971 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjorie E. M. Allison ◽  
A. C. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Renal Disease ◽  
Chronic Renal Disease ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Fractional Excretion ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Free Water Clearance ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
Glomerular Filtrate ◽  
Filtered Load

1. The efficacy and mode of action of frusemide (100–750 mg) have been studied acutely in thirty-four investigations on twenty-four water-loaded subjects with stable, non-oedematous chronic renal disease (GFR 2.3–26.0 ml/min) of varying aetiology (fourteen ‘tubular’, ten ‘glomerular’). 2. Water loading alone resulted in a slight increase in urine flow rate, a flow-dependent rise in electrolyte excretion and a small fall in urine osmolality. 3. Basal fractional excretion of fluid and electrolytes was closely related to GFR, increasing as this fell, so that at a GFR of 3.0 ml/min 80% of the fluid filtered, 50–60% of the filtered load of sodium and chloride and 400% of potassium was excreted. 4. After oral or intravenous frusemide, up to 93% of the filtered load of chloride, 87% of sodium and apparently all of the glomerular filtrate could be excreted; the magnitude of the response depended on dose, GFR and basal fractional sodium excretion, being greatest at higher GFR and lowest fractional excretion. Free water clearance increased. 5. No significant change in inulin clearance was found after frusemide and no difference in the response of ‘tubular’ as opposed to ‘glomerular’ subjects. 6. Long-term treatment of nineteen patients with ‘resistant’ oedema and chronic renal disease has shown high dosage frusemide (0.12–2.0 g/day) to be an effective diuretic, although significant side effects were found in five patients.

Estrogen effects on osmotic regulation of AVP and fluid balance

2002 ◽  
Vol 283 (4) ◽  
pp. E711-E721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina S. Stachenfeld ◽  
David L. Keefe
Keyword(s):  
Free Water ◽  
Plasma Renin ◽  
Fractional Excretion ◽  
Hormone Treatment ◽  
Osmotic Regulation ◽  
Gnrh Analog ◽  
Free Water Clearance ◽  
Fractional Excretion Of Sodium ◽  
Endogenous Estrogen ◽  
Estrogen Effects

To determine estrogen effects on osmotic regulation of arginine vasopressin (AVP) and body fluids, we suppressed endogenous estrogen and progesterone using the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analog leuprolide acetate (GnRHa). Subjects were assigned to one of two groups: 1) GnRHa alone, then GnRHa + estrogen (E, n = 9, 25 ± 1 yr); 2) GnRHa alone, then GnRHa + estrogen with progesterone (E/P, n = 6, 26 ± 3). During GnRHa alone and with hormone treatment, we compared AVP and body fluid regulatory responses to 3% NaCl infusion (HSI, 120 min, 0.1 ml · min−1 · kg body wt−1), drinking (30 min, 15 ml/kg body wt), and recovery (60 min of seated rest). Plasma [E2] increased from 23.9 to 275.3 pg/ml with hormone treatments. Plasma [P4] increased from 0.6 to 5.7 ng/ml during E/P and was unchanged (0.4 to 0.6 ng/ml) during E. Compared with GnRHa alone, E reduced osmotic AVP release threshold (275 ± 4 to 271 ± 4 mosmol/kg, P < 0.05), and E/P reduced the AVP increase in response during HSI (6.0 ± 1.3 to 4.2 ± 0.6 pg/ml at the end of HSI), but free water clearance was unaffected in either group. Relative to GnRHa, pre-HSI plasma renin activity (PRA) was greater during E (0.8 ± 0.1 vs. 1.2 ± 0.2 ng ANG I · ml−1 · h−1) but not after HSI or recovery. PRA was greater than GnRHa during E/P at baseline (1.1 ± 0.2 vs. 2.5 ± 0.6) and after HSI (0.6 ± 0.1 vs. 1.1 ± 1.1) and recovery (0.5 ± 0.1 vs. 1.3 ± 0.2 ng ANG I · ml−1 · h−1). Baseline fractional excretion of sodium was unaffected by E or E/P but was attenuated by the end of recovery for both E (3.3 ± 0.6 vs. 2.4 ± 0.4%) and E/P (2.8 ± 0.4 vs 1.7 ± 0.4%, GnRHa alone and with hormone treatment, respectively). Fluid retention increased with both hormone treatments. Renal sensitivity to AVP may be lower during E due to intrarenal effects on water and sodium excretion. E/P increased sodium retention and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone stimulation.

The Actions of Bradykinin and Eledoisin in the Canine Isolated Kidney: Relationships to Prostaglandins

1975 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. McGiff ◽  
H. D. Itskovitz ◽  
N. A. Terragno
Keyword(s):  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Fractional Excretion ◽  
Prostaglandin Synthesis ◽  
Isolated Kidney ◽  
Free Water Clearance ◽  
Urinary Osmolality ◽  
Fractional Excretion Of Sodium ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Vasodilator Action

1. The effects of two vasodilator polypeptides, bradykinin and eledoisin, were studied in isolated blood-perfused canine kidneys before and after administration of indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis. Bradykinin, but not eledoisin, releases renal prostaglandins. 2. Before administration of indomethacin, bradykinin decreased urinary osmolality and increased free water clearance, whereas eledoisin did not affect the excretion of solute-free water. After administration of indomethacin, the renal vasodilator action of bradykinin was reduced but the vasodilator action of eledoisin was unaffected. 3. Fractional excretion of sodium was not affected by bradykinin before but was increased after administration of indomethacin. Reduction in glomerular filtration rate contributed to changes in sodium excretion produced by bradykinin and eledoisin. 4. The release of prostaglandins from the kidney by bradykinin amplifies the renal vasodilator action of the kinin and possibly mediates its effect on excretion of solute-free water.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document