Bacteriological Analysis of Household Water at the Source and Point of Consumption at Karwar, India

Access to safe drinking water is the key to promoting good health. At Karwar, the primary source of drinking water is well, but heavy rain, and deficiencies in underground drainage systems result in well water contamination. However, water handling practices followed at the point of consumption act as a better predictor of water contamination. To assess and compare the bacteriological quality of household water at the source and point of consumption. A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at Karwar. Households owning private wells were selected by Simple Random Sampling. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to interview the households regarding socioeconomic status (SES), chlorination of well, purification method, and water handling practices. Presumptive coliform count and the differential coliform count were determined. Data thus obtained were analyzed using a Microsoft Excel. c2-test was used to see the association between variables. The present study included 30 households. All the samples taken from the well revealed contamination with E. coli. 80% of samples from the point of consumption revealed coliforms, among which 47% were confirmed with E. coli. RO/RO+UV were found to be relatively better performing than the filtration and boiling methods. Contamination of water at the point of consumption had a significant association with both purification and water retrieval methods. The samples taken from the point of consumption reflect better quality of water sampling than source water. The present study revealed post-collection contamination as major reason for compromising water quality despite improved water cleaning and purification techniques.

Digitalization Creates the Big Picture of Integrated ESP Optimization in Shushufindi Field

Electrical submersible pump (ESP) is the main artificial lift system in Shushufindi field. These systems besides facing high gas production, high scale and corrosion tendencies, also have to deal with surface fluid handling and electrical power limitations which combined impose challenges to optimize the ESP system. In perspective, the digitalization initiative has been key to integrate data in order to have a big picture of the actual field condition and ultimately to enhance oil production. Various dashboards have been created using the business intelligence tool to provide real time information. ESP dashboard shows opportunities to optimize the ESP unit by integrating real time and manual entry data to optimize frequency, surface equipment, opportunities for pump upsizing, and re-designing the ESP downhole equipment. The result of this analysis is derived from ESP simulation, nodal analysis, chemical treatment monitoring and real time surveillance of the ESP parameters. Dashboards of water handling, electrical power, and chemical treatment are utilized to support process analysis providing current field status, with also the feedback from operational and engineering recommendations. Comprehensive real time monitoring resulted in average of 500 bopd less production deferment in the last 12 months as the result of early detection and a proper operational optimization (chemical treatment, gas flaring, and choke optimization) of the unstable wells. Strategic decisions have been executed to ensure the availability of water handling capacity and electrical power for each production station such as stimulating disposal wells, cleaning injection flowlines, and repairing power generations. Up to 3,000 bopd total incremental has been generated in the last 12 months as the result of 17 upsizing operations, optimizing frequency in 68 wells, and optimizing surface equipment in 35 wells. The associated mean time between failures (MTBF) of ESP system has increased over the time from 224 days in 2013 to 674 days in 2020. Digitalization is a game changer for optimizing the oilfield production and to reduce associated operation risks from features as of real time surveillance, EDGE computing, remote actuation, and big data intelligence. This paper will elaborate in detail on how digitalization can be valuable in optimizing ESP system with a successful case study in Shushufindi field.

The consequence of magnetic field on the parameters of brackish water in batch and continuous flow system

Background The concept of magnetized water and the historically abbreviated glimpse were discussed. Therefore, the magnetic water treatment method has been summed up and considered a better and cleaner physical technique for water handling. This experimental work is focused on the effect of magnetic treatment on certain water parameters such as temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved salts (TDS), and pH by exposing water to a permanent magnetic field (PMF) with a magnetic flux density (B = 1.45 T ± 0.05). Results This technique is realized by using a fixed system that depends on the application of both pump and valve control to induce the required circulation of employed water. Both open loop and closed loop are applied as a function of exposure time. Considering that the type of used water is brackish groundwater. The results showed that at open and closed flow conditions, the PMF causes variations in the values of the measured parameters for the outflow water. The theoretical approach is subjected to measure the molecular interaction of water system H-bonded systems based on DFT level with function B3LYP on Gaussian 09 software with a specific concentration of NaCl. This research focuses on the relation between the molecular structure of water and the dissolved NaCl with respect to applying a magnetic field with a varying force from 1 to 85 T. Conclusion The water's magnetization technique is simple without using extra energy by using a PWT tool to create a permanent magnetic field (B = 1.45 T ± 0.05) when installing it on a water tube system that was previously mounted. This environmentally friendly, renewable technology, therefore, does not need any additional energy requirements.

First Autonomous Inflow Control Device AICD Deployment in Wassana Field

Wassana oil field is located in the Gulf of Thailand with shallow water depth at approximately 60m. A major challenge is excessive water production which reduces reserves recovery and increases costs associated with produced water handling. The target reservoir is ~20ft thick with active aquifer support. The low oil/ water mobility ratio due to high oil viscosity (≥ 30cp) risks early water coning and high watercuts. All horizontal wells drilled in the Wassana field during the initial development and the first infill campaign were completed as non-ICD openhole standalone screen. For the second infill campaign, the non-ICD simulation showed water breakthrough occurring at the start of production. Once breakthrough occurs, water production rapidly dominates production prompting premature shut-in of production, leaving much unrecovered oil behind. To overcome this problem, Autonomous Inflow Control Devices (AICDs) were introduced to control the production influx profile across the entire horizontal section to delay water coning and to significantly choke back water production when it occurs. With intensive pre-drilled AICD modeling using 3D dynamic time lapse simulation, two wells in the second infill campaign were subsequently chosen to be completed with a configuration of zonal AICDs isolated by swell packers. This design enables isolation across horizontal reservoir section with high water production in tandem with compartmentalization across the contrasting permeability region. Once water breakthrough occurs, the unique autonomous ability of the cyclonic AICD is triggered by exploiting the physics of rotational flow of the vortex-inducing pressure drop principle through a restrictive funnel-type flow-path in a tool with no moving parts. The low viscosity of both water and gas phase promotes higher rotational velocity inducing higher pressure drop or back-pressure of inflow vortex breakdown towards the inlet into the tubing flow, thus helping to further reduce the influx contribution of the high water producing sections. Essentially, the higher watercut zones flowing through the device is restricted more rigorously compared to the oil-prone zones. Both wells were successfully drilled and completed with AICDs in February 2019. Based on actual and early-production history-matched performance, these 2 pilot AICD wells are projecting an improved cumulative oil production gain of up to +7% over 5 years of production. The reduction or delay of water production can benefit the field both in enhancing oil recovery and water handling cost saving.

Abnormal neonatal sodium handling in skin precedes hypertension in the SAME rat

We discovered high Na+ and water content in the skin of newborn Sprague–Dawley rats, which reduced ~ 2.5-fold by 7 days of age, indicating rapid changes in extracellular volume (ECV). Equivalent changes in ECV post birth were also observed in C57Bl/6 J mice, with a fourfold reduction over 7 days, to approximately adult levels. This established the generality of increased ECV at birth. We investigated early sodium and water handling in neonates from a second rat strain, Fischer, and an Hsd11b2-knockout rat modelling the syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess (SAME). Despite Hsd11b2−/− animals exhibiting lower skin Na+ and water levels than controls at birth, they retained ~ 30% higher Na+ content in their pelts at the expense of K+ thereafter. Hsd11b2−/− neonates exhibited incipient hypokalaemia from 15 days of age and became increasingly polydipsic and polyuric from weaning. As with adults, they excreted a high proportion of ingested Na+ through the kidney, (56.15 ± 8.21% versus control 34.15 ± 8.23%; n = 4; P < 0.0001), suggesting that changes in nephron electrolyte transporters identified in adults, by RNA-seq analysis, occur by 4 weeks of age. Our data reveal that Na+ imbalance in the Hsd11b2−/− neonate leads to excess Na+ storage in skin and incipient hypokalaemia, which, together with increased, glucocorticoid-induced Na+ uptake in the kidney, then contribute to progressive, volume contracted, salt-sensitive hypertension. Skin Na+ plays an important role in the development of SAME but, equally, may play a key physiological role at birth, supporting post-natal growth, as an innate barrier to infection or as a rudimentary kidney.

Bacteriological and physical quality of fiche drinking water from households and reservoirs, Oromia, Ethiopia

Drinking water is the major source of bacteria pathogens in developing countries along with poor sanitation and contamination of food with a pathogen. More than half of the population of the country uses unimproved sanitation facilities while 36% of them practiced open defecation. The aim of the study was to investigate the suitability of public water for drinking. The study is designed to include a survey of 90 respondents and experimental analysis of 170 water samples from households and reservoirs. Water quality parameters, such as temperature, electrical conductivity, turbidity, total dissolved solids, and bacteriological parameters like total coliforms (TC) and fecal coliforms (FC) were determined. Many of the respondents (88.8%) remarked that the water has no smells, tastes, and color. The experimental analysis confirmed that temperature (19.7 °C), electrical conductivity (269.63 μS/cm), turbidity (1.17 NTU), and total dissolved solids (134.3 mg/L) were found below the prescribed limit of World Health Organization guidelines for drinking water. Total coliforms (9.29 CFU/100 mL) and fecal coliforms (5.07 CFU/100 mL) were detected from pipe water sources during the wet season showing non-compliance with the guidelines. The reservoir samples were free from bacterial contamination. The main point of drinking water contamination was the household where unsafe water handling practice was a common habit in the study area. Hence, awareness conception training on safe water handling practices is highly recommended for the communities.