Cover crops and herbicide timing management on soybean yield under no-tillage system

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of cover crops and timing of pre-emergence herbicide applications on soybean yield under no-tillage system. The experiment consisted of four cover crops (Panicum maximum, Urochloa ruziziensis, U. brizantha, and pearl millet) and fallow, in addition to four herbicide timings (30, 20, 10, and 0 days before soybean sowing), under no-tillage system (NTS), and of two control treatments under conventional tillage system (CTS). The experimental design was a completely randomized block, in a split-plot arrangement, with three replicates. Soybean under fallow, P. maximum, U. ruziziensis, U. brizantha, and pearl millet in the NTS and soybean under U. brizantha in the CTS did not differ significantly regarding yield. Soybean under fallow in the CTS significantly reduced yield when compared to the other treatments. The amount of straw on soil surface did not significantly affect soybean yield. Chemical management of P. maximum and U. brizantha near the soybean sowing date causes significant damage in soybean yield. However, herbicide timing in fallow, U. ruziziensis, and pearl millet does not affect soybean yield.

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Upland rice yield as affected by previous summer crop rotation (soybean or upland rice) and glyphosate management on cover crops

Planta Daninha ◽

10.1590/s0100-83582013000100016 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 147-155 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

A.S Nascente ◽

C.A.C Crusciol ◽

L.F Stone ◽

T Cobucci

Keyword(s):

Cover Crops ◽

Rice Yield ◽

Upland Rice ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Panicum Maximum ◽

Rice Grain ◽

No Tillage ◽

Tillage System ◽

Previous Summer ◽

Summer Crop

The appropriate chemical management of cover crops in no-tillage aims to obtain greater benefits with its employment in agricultural systems. The objective of this study was to assess upland rice yield as affected by the previous summer crop, species and desiccation timing of cover crops by glyphosate. Sown cover crops were sown (November 2007), followed by rice in half of the experimental area and soybean in the other half (November 2008). After the harvesting of these crops, the same cover crops were sown again (March 2009) and followed by upland rice in the total area (November 2009). The experiment consisted of the combination of five cover crops (fallow, Panicum maximum, Brachiaria ruziziensis, B. brizantha and Pennisetum glaucum), four desiccation timings (30, 20, 10 and 0 days before rice sowing), and two antecedents of the summer crop (rice or soybean) under no-tillage system (NTS), plus two control treatments at conventional tillage system (CTS). Cover crops significantly affect rice grain yield and its components. There is a significant tendency to highest yield when cover crop desiccation is conducted farther from the rice sowing date (from 2,577.1 kg ha-1 - desiccation at rice sowing to 3,115.30 kg ha-1 - desiccation 30 days before rice sowing). Soybean as an antecedent of summer crop allows better upland rice yield (3,754 kg ha-1) than rice as an antecedent of summer crop (2,635 kg ha-1); fallow/soybean/fallow (4,507 kg ha-1) and millet/soybean/millet (4,765 kg ha-1) rotation at no-tillage system, and incorporated fallow /soybean/ incorporated fallow (4,427 kg ha-1) at conventional tillage system allow the highest rice yield; upland rice yield is similar at no-till (3,194 kg ha-1) and till system (2,878 kg ha-1).

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Soil macrofauna associated with cover crops in an Oxisol from the southwest of Piauí state, Brazil

Arquivos do Instituto Biológico ◽

10.1590/1808-1657000822018 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 87 ◽

Author(s):

Djavan Pinheiro Santos ◽

Robélio Leandro Marchão ◽

Ronny Sobreira Barbosa ◽

Juvenal Pereira da Silva Junior ◽

Everaldo Moreira da Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cover Crops ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Soil Management ◽

Soil Classification ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Grass Species ◽

No Tillage ◽

Soil Macrofauna ◽

Tillage System ◽

Sole Cropping

ABSTRACT: The soil macrofauna is fundamental for the maintenance of soil quality. The aim of this study was to characterize the soil macrofauna under different species of cover crops, including monoculture or intercropping associated to two types of soil management in the southwest region of Piauí state. The study was carried out in an Oxisol (Latossolo Amarelo, according to Brazilian Soil Classification System) in the municipality of Bom Jesus, Piauí, distributed in 30 m2 plots. Testing and evaluation of the soil macrofauna were conducted in a 9 × 2 strip factorial design, with combinations between cover crops/consortia and soil management (with or without tillage), with four replications. Soil monoliths (0.25 × 0.25 m) were randomly sampled in each plot for macrofauna at 0‒0.1, 0.1‒0.2, and 0.2‒0.3 m depth, including surface litter. After identification and counting of soil organims, the relative density of each taxon in each depth was determined. The total abundance of soil macrofauna quantified under cover crops in the conventional and no-tillage system was 2,408 ind. m-2, distributed in 6 classes, 16 orders, and 31 families. The results of multivariate analysis show that grass species in sole cropping systems and no-tillage presents higher macrofauna density, in particular the taxonomic group Isoptera. No-tillage also provided higher richness of families, where Coleoptera adult were the second more abundant group in no-tillage and Hemiptera in conventional tillage.

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Effect of tillage system and crop sequence on irrigated sugarbeet production

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/p03-170 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 84 (3) ◽

pp. 739-747 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. R. Moyer ◽

J. Nitschelm ◽

P. Regitnig ◽

R. E. Blackshaw ◽

H. C. Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wind Erosion ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Plant Residue ◽

No Tillage ◽

Dry Beans ◽

Tillage Systems ◽

Minimum Tillage ◽

Tillage System

Sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris L.) are grown on intensively tilled-irrigated land in southern Alberta, which is subject to soil erosion by wind. Experiments were conducted on commercial fields near Burdett, AB, to determine the effect of the tillage system and previous crops on sugarbeet production. The previous crops were dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) or wheat (Triticum aestivium L.) and the tillage systems were conventional (moldboard plow, vibrashank cultivator, harrow, packer), minimum (double disc, self-cleaning harrow, glyphosate) or no tillage (glyphosate). After dry beans, sugarbeet fresh weight and extractable sugar yields were similar with all tillage systems. All of the tillage systems left less than 100 g m-2 of plant residue on the soil surface in the spring following dry beans, which is insufficient to protect the soil from wind erosion. After wheat, sugarbeet yields were similar with minimum and conventional tillage but lower with no tillage. Both minimum and no-tillage systems left sufficient plant residue on the soil surface to protect the soil from erosion (> 200 g m-2). Sugarbeet stand density following wheat was lower with no tillage than conventional or minimum tillage, reflecting poor seed placement and daily maximum soil temperature (5 cm depth) of up to 10°C lower under no tillage than conventional tillage. After wheat, there was a trend toward lower densities of hard-seeded annuals, such as redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), after no tillage than conventional tillage. Of the cropping systems tested in this study, only the minimum tillage system after wheat provided optimum sugarbeet yield and left enough plant residue to protect the soil from wind erosion. Key words: Crop rotation, bean, wheat, sugarbeet, no-tillage

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Soil Aggregation, Organic Carbon Concentration, and Soil Bulk Density As Affected by Cover Crop Species in a No-Tillage System

Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo ◽

10.1590/01000683rbcs20140388 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 39 (3) ◽

pp. 871-879 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Adriano Stephan Nascente ◽

Yuncong Li ◽

Carlos Alexandre Costa Crusciol

Keyword(s):

Organic Carbon ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Cover Crops ◽

Cover Crop ◽

Soil Bulk Density ◽

Soil Aggregation ◽

Soil Tillage ◽

Panicum Maximum ◽

No Tillage ◽

Tillage System

Soil aggregation and the distribution of total organic carbon (TOC) may be affected by soil tillage and cover crops. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of crop rotation with cover crops on soil aggregation, TOC concentration in the soil aggregate fractions, and soil bulk density under a no-tillage system (NTS) and conventional tillage system (CTS, one plowing and two disking). This was a three-year study with cover crop/rice/cover crop/rice rotations in the Brazilian Cerrado. A randomized block experimental design with six treatments and three replications was used. The cover crops (treatments) were: fallow, Panicum maximum, Brachiaria ruziziensis, Brachiaria brizantha, and millet (Pennisetum glaucum). An additional treatment, fallow plus CTS, was included as a control. Soil samples were collected at the depths of 0.00-0.05 m, 0.05-0.10 m, and 0.10-0.20 m after the second rice harvest. The treatments under the NTS led to greater stability in the soil aggregates (ranging from 86.33 to 95.37 %) than fallow plus CTS (ranging from 74.62 to 85.94 %). Fallow plus CTS showed the highest number of aggregates smaller than 2 mm. The cover crops affected soil bulk density differently, and the millet treatment in the NTS had the lowest values. The cover crops without incorporation provided the greatest accumulation of TOC in the soil surface layers. The TOC concentration was positively correlated with the aggregate stability index in all layers and negatively correlated with bulk density in the 0.00-0.10 m layer.

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Soil chemical properties affected by cover crops under no-tillage system

Revista CERES ◽

10.1590/0034-737x201562040010 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 62 (4) ◽

pp. 401-409 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Adriano Stephan Nascente ◽

Luis Fernando Stone ◽

Carlos Alexandre Costa Crusciol

Keyword(s):

Cover Crops ◽

Pennisetum Glaucum ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Exchange Capacity ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Panicum Maximum ◽

No Tillage ◽

Brachiaria Ruziziensis ◽

Tillage System

The use of cover crops in no-tillage systems (NTS) can significantly improve the soil's fertility. Thus, a study was performed to evaluate changes in chemical properties of soil caused by cover crops in a no-tillage system. The field experiment consisted of the following crop rotation: cover crops/rice/cover crops/rice. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with three replications. Treatments consisted of four cover crops (Brachiaria brizantha(Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf. cv. Marandu, Brachiaria ruziziensis R. Germ. and C.M. Evrard, Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Colonião, and Pennisetum glaucum(L.) R. Br. cv. BN-2) and fallow (control treatment). Soil samples were collected at the beginning of the summer crop in Oct 2007, Oct 2008 and Oct 2009 at 0-5 cm soil depth. The use of cover crops provided for a significant increase in the level of nutrients, soil organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and base saturation in the soil. Soil fertility improved from the first to second year with the growing of cover crops. The soil under cover crops P. glaucum, B. ruziziensis, and B. brizantha showed higher fertility than the area under fallow.

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Weed Emergence in a Soil with Cover Crops in an Agroecological No-Tillage System

Planta Daninha ◽

10.1590/s0100-8358201836010065 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 36 (0) ◽

Author(s):

M. SOUZA ◽

V. MÜLLER JR. ◽

C. KURTZ ◽

G. BRUNETTO ◽

R.R. COUTO ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hordeum Vulgare ◽

Cover Crops ◽

Secale Cereale ◽

Raphanus Sativus ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Soil Samples ◽

No Tillage ◽

Avena Strigosa ◽

Tillage System ◽

Weed Emergence

ABSTRACT: The cultivation and deposition of cover crops residues on the soil surface can reduce weed emergence. The objective of this study was to evaluate the emergence of weeds, in a greenhouse, on a soil with cover crops in an agroecological no-tillage system. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with soil samples from an experiment installed in Ituporanga (Santa Catarina state). On April 2010 and 2011, the following field treatments were implemented: weed vegetation (VE), Hordeum vulgare (2010)/Avena strigosa (2011) (CV/AV), Secale cereale (CE), Raphanus sativus (NF), Secale cereale + Raphanus sativus (NF+CE) and Hordeum vulgare/Avena strigosa + Raphanus sativus (NF+AV). After the rotation of the species, the soil samples were collected in July. The identification of the species and the emergence assessment occurred 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 and 105 days after the beginning of the experiment. The species with the highest incidence were: Amaranthus lividus, Oxalis spp., Cyperus spp., Stachys arvensis, Cynodon spp. and Rumex obtusifolius. Residues from single species of Secale cereale, Avena strigosa and Hordeum vulgare have shown the greatest ability to suppress weeds during the first 45 evaluation days; this corresponds to the beginning of the critical period in the onion development.

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Quality index of an Oxisol under different management systems in the Brazilian Cerrado

Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental ◽

10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v25n5p319-324 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 25 (5) ◽

pp. 319-324

Author(s):

Marla O. Fagundes ◽

Diony A. Reis ◽

Roberto B. Portella ◽

Fabiano J. Perina ◽

Julio C. Bogiani

Keyword(s):

Soil Quality ◽

Cover Crops ◽

Quality Index ◽

Soil Bulk Density ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Management Systems ◽

No Tillage ◽

Brazilian Cerrado ◽

Soil Quality Index ◽

Tillage System

ABSTRACT Assessing soil quality under different cover crops or different management systems is essential to its conservation. This study aimed to evaluate an Oxisol cultivated with corn and cotton, after different crop successions and under no-tillage system (NTS) and conventional tillage system (CT), through the soil quality index (SQI), using an area of native Cerrado as reference. The study was carried out in the municipality of Luís Eduardo Magalhães, Western Bahia, Brazil. Soil samples with the preserved and non-preserved structure were collected in the layers of 0-0.05 m, 0.05-0.10 m, and 0.10-0.20 m to determine the macroporosity, the soil bulk density, the available water, the levels of total organic carbon, the clay dispersed in water, and the degree of flocculation. The averages of the attributes measured in the treatments and the soil quality index, which was elaborated by the method of deviations of the values of the attributes measured in the treatments concerning the reference area, followed by normalization, were compared by the Duncan test (p ≤ 0.05). The soil under CT, in all treatments, had its quality reduced when compared to the NTS. Also, the SQI used was sensitive to detect the changes caused by the management systems and assign consistent scores to the evaluated soil quality.

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Physical quality of an Oxisol cultivated with maize submited to cover crops in the pre-cropping period

Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo ◽

10.1590/s0100-06832010000100021 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 211-2178 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Fabiana de Souza Pereira ◽

Itamar Andrioli ◽

Amauri Nelson Beutler ◽

Cinara Xavier de Almeida ◽

Faber de Souza Pereira

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Cover Crops ◽

Soil Bulk Density ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

No Tillage ◽

Physical Quality ◽

Soil Physical Quality ◽

Tillage System

The intensive use of land alters the distribution of the pore size which imparts consequences on the soil physical quality. The Least Limiting Water Range (LLWR) allows for the visualization of the effects of management systems upon either the improvement or the degradation of the soil physical quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical quality of a Red Latosol (Oxisol) submited to cover crops in the period prior to the maize crop in a no-tillage and conventional tillage system, using porosity, soil bulk density and the LLWR as attributes. The treatments were: conventional tillage (CT) and a no-tillage system with the following cover crops: sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) (NS), pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke) (NP) and lablab (Dolichos lablab L.) (NL). The experimental design was randomized blocks in subdivided plots with six replications, with the plots being constituted by the treatments and the subplots by the layers analyzed. The no-tillage systems showed higher total porosity and soil organic matter at the 0-0.5 m layer for the CT. The CT did not differ from the NL or NS in relation to macroporosity. The NP showed the greater porosity, while CT and NS presented lower soil bulk density. No < 10 % airing porosity was found for the treatments evaluated, and value for water content where soil aeration is critical (θPA) was found above estimated water content at field capacity (θFC) for all densities. Critical soil bulk density was of 1.36 and 1.43 Mg m-3 for NP and CT, respectively. The LLWR in the no-tillage systems was limited in the upper part by the θFC, and in the bottom part, by the water content from which soil resistance to penetration is limiting (θPR). By means of LLWR it was observed that the soil presented good physical quality.

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Soil organic matter as affected by management systems, phosphate fertilization, and cover crops

Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-204x2016000900067 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 51 (9) ◽

pp. 1668-1676 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Géssica Pereira de Souza ◽

Cícero Célio de Figueiredo ◽

Djalma Martinhão Gomes de Sousa

Keyword(s):

Pearl Millet ◽

Cover Crops ◽

Cover Crop ◽

Soil Management ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Management Systems ◽

No Tillage ◽

Phosphate Fertilization ◽

Humic Fractions

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of soil management systems, cover crops, and phosphate fertilization on soil humic fractions in a long-term experiment. The treatments consisted of conventional tillage and no-tillage with pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) or velvet bean (Mucuna aterrima) as cover crops, at two doses of phosphorous: 0 and 100 kg ha-1 P2O5 per year. Soil samples were taken 11 years after the establishment of the experiment and analyzed for soil total organic carbon and carbon content of humic fractions at 0.00-0.05, 0.05-0.10, and 0.10-0.20-m depths. The humic fractions are sensitive to soil management, except free fulvic acid, which was the only one that did not reduce its carbon contents on the surface layer (0.00-0.05 m) with conventional tillage. The main changes occurred on the soil surface layer, in which the no-tillage system with pearl millet as a cover crop provided the highest carbon levels in humic fractions. Long-term phosphate fertilization under no-tillage, with pearl millet as a cover crop, promotes the accumulation of organic carbon in soil humic fractions.

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Soil phosphorus availability and uptake by mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants in an onion no-tillage system

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/0103-8478cr20200740 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 51 (10) ◽

Author(s):

Bárbara Santos Ventura ◽

Edenilson Meyer ◽

Monique Souza ◽

André Steiner Vieira ◽

Juliana do Amaral Scarsanella ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acid Phosphatase ◽

Phosphatase Activity ◽

Cover Crops ◽

Acid Phosphatase Activity ◽

Soil Phosphorus ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Phosphorus Availability ◽

No Tillage ◽

Oilseed Radish ◽

Tillage System

ABSTRACT: Onion is an important vegetable crop, predominantly grown under conventional tillage system management. Alternatively, the vegetable no-tillage system uses cover crops to form a residue layer, which improves soil physical, chemical, and biological attributes. Aiming to understand the interaction of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal cover crops, phosphatase activity, and soil phosphorus availability and uptake by plants, a no-tillage vegetable production system experiment with onion was carried out in Ituporanga, Southern Brazil. The treatments were black oats (Avena strigosa); rye (Secale cereale); oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus); rye + oilseed radish; black oats + oilseed radish, and a control with spontaneous plants. Additionally, two plots, a conventional tillage system area and a forest, both adjacent to the experiment, were evaluated. We measured cover crop biomass, onion yield, acid phosphatase activity, and resin-extracted phosphorus in the soil, shoot and root phosphorus content, and root colonization in cover crops, spontaneous plants, and onions. The treatments with cover crops had the highest plant biomass in winter and onion yield. Available soil phosphorus and acid phosphatase activity were higher in no-tillage plots than in the conventional tillage system area. The presence of non-mycorrhizal oilseed radish was associated with decreased colonization of rye and onion roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. No-tillage areas with cover crops or spontaneous plants in winter accumulated more phosphorus than conventional tillage system areas. The conventional tillage system showed adverse effects on most soil attributes, as shown by a Principal Component Analysis.

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