scholarly journals Optimum Weed Control Method Increases the Yield of Kinnow by Improving the Physical Properties of Soil

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. SAJID ◽  
S. AHMAD ◽  
M.J. JASKANI ◽  
M. YASIN
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Wood Chip ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Spad Value

ABSTRACT: Going towards sustainable fruit culture, it is very important that soil fertility should maintain by adopting the proper weeds control and adding the organic matter. This research was carried out to identify the most suitable weed control method for Kinnow orchard. The plants of Kinnow at the age of 6 years grown under drip irrigation were selected. Weeds of orchard were managed by mulching (wood chip and black polyethylene), mechanical (cultivator and rotavator) and chemical (glyphosate) methods. Mechanical weed control was taken as control treatment. The plants where wood chip mulching was used for weed control showed maximum increase in shoot length (24.00 cm), chlorophyll contents (84.00 SPAD value) and yield (11.88 ton ha-1) followed by the plants where weeds were controlled with chemical control while lowest shoot length (12.00 and 12.33 cm), chlorophyll contents (41.00 and 42.67 SPAD value) and yield (3.80 and 4.70 ton) was achieved in cultivator and rotavator treatment respectively. Wood chip mulch also improved soil physical properties by reducing bulk density (1.49 Mg m-3), soil penetration resistance (785.33 kPa) and by enhancing soil organic matter (1.17%), hydraulic conductivity (34.50 mm/hr-1) and soil microbial biomass carbon (159.68 g kg-1) followed by glyphosate control while lowest values of soil physical properties were obtained in cultivator and rotavator weed control. Wood chip mulch also reduced weed dry weight (45.25 g) and efficiently controlled weeds (95.66%) as compared to other weed control methods. In this case, wood chip mulch performed better in all studied parameters than plastic mulch, rotavator, cultivator and glyphosate weed control. So, wood chip mulch should be recommended to citrus grower for improving soil physical properties and yield.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Penggunaan Beberapa Jenis Mulsa terhadap Sifat Fisik Tanah dan Laju Pertumbuhan Tanaman Tomat (Lycopersicum Esculentum L)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
I Kadek Dwi Adi Saputra ◽  
I Wayan Tika ◽  
Ni Luh Yulianti
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Soil Porosity ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Straw Mulch ◽  
Average Value

ABSTRAK Pengolahan tanah secara intensif tanpa memperhatikan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya antara lain kurangnya unsur hara, pemupukan yang tidak berimbang dapat menurunkan kualitas sifat fisik tanah. Oleh karena itu dibutuhkan pengolahan tanah agar sesuai dengan syarat tumbuh tanaman tomat. Penggunaan berbagai jenis mulsa pada tanaman tomat diharapkan mampu menciptakan iklim mikro yang sesuai bagi tanaman, memperbaiki sifat fisik tanah antara lain bahan organik tanah, permeabilitas, porositas tanah dan laju pertumbuhan, melancarkan pendauran hara dalam sistem tanah, air, tanaman dan memperbaiki ketersediaan hara bagi tanaman. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perubahan sifat fisik tanah akibat penggunaan jenis mulsa sejalan dengan usia tanaman tomat dan mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan jenis mulsa terhadap laju pertumbuhan tanaman tomat. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan rancangan acak lengkap dengan perlakuan tanpa mulsa, mulsa plastik perak, mulsa plastik hitam, mulsa plastik UV transparan, dan mulsa jerami padi. Setiap perlakuan diulang sebanyak tiga kali sehingga terdapat 15 plot. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kadar air tanah 2 MST 13-35%, 4MST 20-42%, 6MST 23-44%, 8MST 27-51%, 10MST 26-53%, 12MST 32-63%. Rata-rata bahan organik tanah 1,16% dengan kategori rendah. Rata-rata permeabilitas tanah 4,13 cm/jam dengan kategori lambat sampai sedang. Perlakuan tanpa mulsa berpengaruh nyata pada porositas tanah dengan nilai rata-rata 48% pada kelas kurang baik. Rata-rata nilai jumlah daun pada perlakuan mulsa plastik perak 122.89 helai dan pada perlakuan jerami padi 124.83 helai. Nilai berat kering tanaman tomat pada perlakuan mulsa jerami padi 205.87 gram dan pada perlakuan mulsa plastik UV transparan 118.33 gram. ABSTRACT Soil processing intensively without paying attention to factors that affect it such as the lack of nutrients, unbalance fertilization decreases the physical quality of the soil. Therefore, soil processing is necessary to the growing condition of the tomato plants. The use of various types of mulch on tomato plants is expected to create a microclimate that suitable for plants, improve soil physical properties including soil organic matter, permeability, soil porosity, and growth rate, reinforce nutrient cycling in the soil, water, plant system and improve nutrient availability for plants. The aims of the research are to determine the changes in soil physical properties due to the use of mulch types in line with the age of tomato plants and determine the effect of the use of mulch types on the rate of growth of tomato plants. This research is conducted with a completely randomized design with treatment without mulch, silver plastic mulch, black plastic mulch, transparent UV plastic mulch, and rice straw mulch. Each handling 15 times.  The results show that the groundwater content of 2 MST was 13-35%, 4MST 20-42%, 6MST 23-44%, 8MST 27-51%, 10MST 26-53%, 12MST 32-63%.  Average soil organic matter 1.16% with low category.  The average permeability of land is 4.13 cm/hour in the slow to moderate category. Treatment without mulch significantly affected the soil porosity with an average value of 48% in the less grade.  The average value of the number of leaves in the silver plastic mulch treatment 122.89 strands and 124.83 strands of rice straw.  The dry weight value of tomato plants in the treatment of rice straw mulch 205.87 grams and in the treatment of transparent UV plastic mulch 118.33 grams.

scholarly journals Comparison of wheat and safflower cultivation areas in terms of total carbon and some soil properties under semi-arid climate conditions

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1007-1024
Author(s):  
B. Turgut
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Arid Climate ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Semi Arid

Abstract. The aim of this study was to compare the soils of the wheat cultivation area (WCA) and the safflower cultivation area (SCA) within semi-arid climate zones in terms of their total carbon, nitrogen, sulphur contents, particle size distribution, aggregate stability, organic matter content, and pH values. This study presents the results from the analyses of 140 soil samples taken at two soil layers (0–10 and 10–20 cm) in the cultivation areas. At the end of the study, it has been established that there were significant differences between the cultivation areas in terms of soil physical properties such as total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), total sulphur (TS) contents and pH, while only the TN content resulted in significantly different between the two soil layers. Moreover significant differences were identified in the cultivation areas in terms of soil physical properties including clay and sand contents, aggregate stability and organic matter content, whereas the only significant difference found among the soil layers was that of their silt content. Since safflower contains higher amounts of biomass than wheat, we found higher amounts of organic matter content and, therefore, higher amounts of TN and TS content in the soils of the SCA. In addition, due to the fact that wheat contains more cellulose – which takes longer to decompose – the TC content of the soil in the WCA were found to be higher than that of the SCA. The results also revealed that the WCA had a higher carbon storage capacity.

scholarly journals Soil physical properties of high mountain fields under bauxite mining

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 419-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalmo Arantes de Barros ◽  
José Aldo Alves Pereira ◽  
Mozart Martins Ferreira ◽  
Bruno Montoani Silva ◽  
Diógenes Ferreira Filho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Soil Density ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Bauxite Mining ◽  
Water Dispersible ◽  
Environmental Controls

Mining contributes to the life quality of contemporary society, but can generate significant impacts, these being mitigated due to environmental controls adopted. This study aimed to characterize soil physical properties in high-altitude areas affected by bauxite mining, and to edaphic factors responses to restoration techniques used to recover mined areas in Poços de Caldas plateau, MG, Brazil. The experiment used 3 randomized block design involving within 2 treatments (before mining intervention and after environmental recovery), and 4 replicates (N=24). In each treatment, soil samples with deformed structures were determined: granulometry, water-dispersible clay content, flocculation index, particle density, stoniness level, water aggregate stability, and organic matter contend. Soil samples with preserved structures were used to determine soil density and the total volume of pores, macropores, and micropores. Homogenization of stoniness between soil layers as a result of soil mobilization was observed after the mined area recovery. Stoniness decreased in 0.10-0.20 m layer after recovery, but was similar in the 0-0.10 m layer in before and after samples. The recovery techniques restored organic matter levels to pre-mining levels. However, changes in soil, including an increase in soil flocculation degree and a decrease in water-dispersible clays, were still apparent post-recovery. Furthermore, mining operations caused structural changes to the superficial layer of soil, as demonstrated by an increase in soil density and a decrease in total porosity and macroporosity. Decreases in the water stability of aggregates were observed after mining operations.

Influence of long-term feedlot manure amendments on soil hydraulic conductivity, water-stable aggregates, and soil thermal properties during the growing season

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.J. Miller ◽  
B.W. Beasley ◽  
C.F. Drury ◽  
F.J. Larney ◽  
X. Hao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Wood Chip ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Soil Thermal Properties

Long-term application of feedlot manure to cropland may change the physical properties of soils. We measured selected soil (surface) physical properties of a Dark Brown Chernozemic clay loam where different amendments were annually applied for 15 (2013), 16 (2014), and 17 (2015) yr. The treatments were stockpiled (SM) or composted (CM) manure with either straw (ST) or wood-chip (WD) bedding applied at three rates (13, 39, and 77 Mg ha−1) and an unamended control. The effect of selected or all treatments on selected properties was determined in 2013–2015. These properties included field-saturated (Kfs) and near-saturated hydraulic conductivity or K(ψ), bulk density (BD), volumetric water content, soil temperature, soil thermal properties, and wet aggregate stability. The hypotheses that selected soil physical properties would improve more for treatments with greater total carbon in the amendments (SM > CM, WD > ST) was rejected. The exceptions were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) lower soil BD for SM than CM and WD than ST for certain dates, and lower soil thermal conductivity for WD than ST. Most soil physical properties generally had no response to 15–17 yr of annual applications of these feedlot amendments, but a few showed a positive response.

scholarly journals The impact of landscape evolution on soil physics: evolution of soil physical and hydraulic properties along two chronosequences of proglacial moraines

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 3189-3204
Author(s):  
Anne Hartmann ◽  
Markus Weiler ◽  
Theresa Blume
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Hydraulic Properties ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Soil Chronosequence

Abstract. Soil physical properties highly influence soil hydraulic properties, which define the soil hydraulic behavior. Thus, changes within these properties affect water flow paths and the soil water and matter balance. Most often these soil physical properties are assumed to be constant in time, and little is known about their natural evolution. Therefore, we studied the evolution of physical and hydraulic soil properties along two soil chronosequences in proglacial forefields in the Central Alps, Switzerland: one soil chronosequence developed on silicate and the other on calcareous parent material. Each soil chronosequence consisted of four moraines with the ages of 30, 160, 3000, and 10 000 years at the silicate forefield and 110, 160, 4900, and 13 500 years at the calcareous forefield. We investigated bulk density, porosity, loss on ignition, and hydraulic properties in the form of retention curves and hydraulic conductivity curves as well as the content of clay, silt, sand, and gravel. Samples were taken at three depths (10, 30, 50 cm) at six sampling sites at each moraine. Soil physical and hydraulic properties changed considerably over the chronosequence. Particle size distribution showed a pronounced reduction in sand content and an increase in silt and clay content over time at both sites. Bulk density decreased, and porosity increased during the first 10 millennia of soil development. The trend was equally present at both parent materials, but the reduction in sand and increase in silt content were more pronounced at the calcareous site. The organic matter content increased, which was especially pronounced in the topsoil at the silicate site. With the change in physical soil properties and organic matter content, the hydraulic soil properties changed from fast-draining coarse-textured soils to slow-draining soils with high water-holding capacity, which was also more pronounced in the topsoil at the silicate site. The data set presented in this paper is available at the online repository of the German Research Center for Geosciences (GFZ; Hartmann et al., 2020b). The data set can be accessed via the DOI https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.4.4.2020.004.

Estimating Soil Organic Matter: A Case Study of Soil Physical Properties for Environment-Related Issues in Southeast Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kokei Ikpi Ofem ◽  
Kingsley John ◽  
Mark Pawlett ◽  
Michael Otu Eyong ◽  
Chukwuebuka Edwin Awaogu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Soil Physical Properties

Freeze-thaw dynamics in synthetic permafrost soil columns with variable organic carbon content

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelte de Bruin ◽  
Victor Bense ◽  
Martine van der Ploeg
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Groundwater Flow ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Cold Regions ◽  
Warming Climate ◽  
Permafrost Thawing

<p>Cold-regions hold a pool of organic carbon that has accumulated over many thousands to millions of years and which is currently kept immobile by permafrost. However, in a warming climate, a deepening of the active layer results in the release of greenhouse gasses CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> into the atmosphere from this carbon pool. Additionally, due to the degradation of deeper permafost, soil hydraulic properties and associated groundwater flow paths are shifting rapidly as a result of which also organic carbon in deeper permafrost is being dissolved into groundwater, which can then reach the surface environment via groundwater flow.  This provides an additional mechanism by which permafrost carbon can be mobilized in  a warming climate, and one which is likely increasingly important for progressive surface warming.</p><p>Although the process of carbon leaching from thawing organic rich permafrost layers into the groundwater is an increasingly important part of the carbon cycle of cold-regions, it is notoriously difficult to measure in situ or incorporate into numerical model assessments due to the highly heterogeneous properties of the permafrost, and lack of process knowledge. In particular, the crucial understanding of the influence of different soil physical properties such as soil grain size and organic matter content on permafrost thawing processes is missing, as well the precise release mechanisms  of organic matter into pore waters in thawing soils.</p><p>This study employs lab soil column experiments to investigate the interplay between soil physical properties and thawing dynamics of permafrost. One meter high soil columns are frozen to create controlled permafrost conditions. A range of sand grain sizes (0.1 to 0.8mm) and organic matter contents (1 to 10 wt%) representative for sedimentary permafrost are used. The column is thermally insulated on the sides and top, exposing only one face to ambient temperature in the climate chamber. In this way one-dimensional heat flow conditions are created. So far, the columns are equipped with arrays of temperature sensors. Experiments consist of a cycle of freezing and thawing. Our initial data and analysis illustrate how a fast evolving thawing front develops through the frozen soil column  including the effects of latent heat at the thawing front. Numerical modeling allows to infer the soil thermal properties relevant to model the permafrost thawing process.</p>

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