Traditional toys in turkey: comparison in a rural and urban setting

The interaction between children and adults through playful activities creates possibilities for reciprocal spontaneous and demanded influences and for the development of reciprocal positive feelings. The main aim of this study was to find out the present situation of traditional toys by comparing the rural and urban settings - a mountain village and city center of Bursa (Northwest Anatolia), Turkey. It was questioned, if industrial toys were sold in villages, how village children effected this change. Data was collected by interviews in the houses of the participants, with the answers record permited by the parents. Interviews passed by content analysis. Results show that traditional hand made toys are going to disappear even in villages. This may happen because of the imitations of original toys and their cheap prices but at the same time because of the attractive nature of modern toys have the big impact as well.

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Administrative incidence of psychosis assessed in an early intervention service in England: first epidemiological evidence from a diverse, rural and urban setting

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291710002461 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 41 (5) ◽

pp. 949-958 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

F. Cheng ◽

J. B. Kirkbride ◽

B. R. Lennox ◽

J. Perez ◽

K. Masson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Early Intervention ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Clinical Epidemiology ◽

Population Based ◽

Service Planning ◽

Urban Setting ◽

First Episode ◽

Urban Settings ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Early Intervention In Psychosis

BackgroundEarly Intervention in Psychosis Services (EIS) for young people in England experiencing first-episode psychosis (FEP) were commissioned in 2002, based on an expected incidence of 15 cases per 100 000 person-years, as reported by schizophrenia epidemiology in highly urban settings. Unconfirmed reports from EIS thereafter have suggested higher than anticipated rates. The aim of this study was to compare the observed with the expected incidence and delineate the clinical epidemiology of FEP using epidemiologically complete data from the CAMEO EIS, over a 6-year period in Cambridgeshire, for a mixed rural–urban population.MethodA population-based study of FEP (ICD-10, F10–39) in people aged 17–35 years referred between 2002 and 2007; the denominator was estimated from mid-year census statistics. Sociodemographic variation was explored by Poisson regression. Crude and directly standardized rates (for age, sex and ethnicity) were compared with pre-EIS rates from two major epidemiological FEP studies conducted in urban English settings.ResultsA total of 285 cases met FEP diagnoses in CAMEO, yielding a crude incidence of 50 per 100 000 person-years [95% confidence interval (CI) 44.5–56.2]. Age- and sex-adjusted rates were raised for people from black ethnic groups compared with the white British [incidence rate ratio (IRR) 2.1, 95% CI 1.1–3.8]. Rates in our EIS were comparable with pre-EIS rates observed in more urban areas after age, sex and ethnicity standardization.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that the incidence observed in EIS is far higher than originally anticipated and is comparable to rates observed in more urban settings prior to the advent of EIS. Sociodemographic variation due to ethnicity and other factors extend beyond urban populations. Our results have implications for psychosis aetiology and service planning.

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On-Scene Intravenous Line Insertion Adversely Impacts Prehospital Time in Rural Vehicular Trauma

The American Surgeon ◽

10.1177/000313480807401109 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 74 (11) ◽

pp. 1083-1087 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Richard P. Gonzalez ◽

Glenn R. Cummings ◽

Herbert A. Phelan ◽

Madhuri S. Mulekar ◽

Charles B. Rodning

Keyword(s):

Linked Data ◽

Motor Vehicle ◽

Motor Vehicle Crash ◽

Urban Setting ◽

Rural Setting ◽

Urban Settings ◽

Intravenous Line ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Rural Settings ◽

Prehospital Time

Fatality rates from rural vehicular trauma are almost double those found in urban settings. Increased emergency medical services (EMS) prehospital time has been implicated as one of the causative factors for higher rural fatality rates. Advanced Trauma Life Support guidelines suggest scene time should not be extended to insert an intravenous catheter (IV). The purpose of this study was to assess the association between intravenous line placement and motor vehicle crash (MVC) scene time in rural and urban settings. An imputational methodology using the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System permitted linkage of data from police motor vehicle crash and EMS records. Intergraph GeoMedia software permitted this linked data to be plotted on digital maps for segregation into rural and urban groups. MVCs were defined as rural or urban by location of the accident using the U.S. Bureau of Census Criteria. Linked data were analyzed to assess for EMS time on-scene, on-scene IV insertion, on-scene IV insertion attempts, and patient mortality. Over a 2-year period from January 2001 through December 2002, data were collected from Alabama EMS patient care reports (PCRs) and police crash reports. A total of 45,763 police crash reports were linked to EMS PCRs. Of these linked crash records, 34,341 (75%) and 11,422 (25%) were injured in rural and urban settings, respectively. Six hundred eleven (1.78%) mortalities occurred in rural settings and 103 (0.90%) in urban settings (P < 0.005). There were 6,273 (18.3%) on-scene IV insertions in the rural setting and 1,290 (11.3%) in the urban setting (P < 0.005). Mean EMS time on-scene when single IV insertion attempts occurred was 16.9 minutes in the rural setting and 14.5 minutes in the urban setting (P < 0.0001). When two attempts of on-scene IV insertion were made, mean EMS time on-scene in the rural setting (n = 891 [2.6%]) was 18.4 minutes and 15.7 minutes in the urban setting (n = 142 [1.2%; P < 0.005). Excluding dead on-scene patients, mean EMS time on-scene when mortalities occurred in rural and urban settings was 18.9 minutes and 10.8 minutes, respectively (P < 0.005). On-scene IV insertion occurred with significantly greater frequency in rural than urban settings. This incurs greater EMS time on-scene and prehospital time that may be associated with increased vehicular fatality rates in rural settings.

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Women differentials in fertility: The case of rural and urban educational development in Benue State, Nigeria

Tropical Journal of Education ◽

10.47524/tje.v2i1.9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (1/2) ◽

pp. 80-86

Author(s):

Bridget Demekaa ◽

Umbur Demekaa

Keyword(s):

Educational Development ◽

General Purpose ◽

Urban Setting ◽

Girl Child ◽

Urban Settings ◽

Fertility Differential ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Child Education ◽

Lower Fertility ◽

The Government

This study relates women education to fertility in the Ihugh (rural) and Makurdi (urban) setting in Benue State. The general purpose of the study is to test whether women with substantial schooling do have lower fertility than those without schooling. The study reveals that there is fertility differential for rural and urban settings, and that schooling is an index of the differentials. The study presents its findings and puts forward some recommendations that can help the government to address the issue of women education, especially the girl-child education.

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Spatial modelling of sand fly vector’s response to a synthetic sex-aggregation pheromone: impact on the incidence of visceral leishmaniasis in rural and urban settings

10.1101/2020.10.18.20214569 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Renata Retkute ◽

Erin Dilger ◽

James GC Hamilton ◽

Matt J Keeling ◽

Orin Courtenay

Keyword(s):

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Aggregation Pheromone ◽

Human Infection ◽

Urban Setting ◽

Sand Fly ◽

Mathematical Framework ◽

Urban Settings ◽

Infection Incidence ◽

Host Seeking ◽

Rural And Urban

AbstractBackgroundVisceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a potentially fatal protozoan parasitic disease of humans and dogs. In the Americas, dogs are the reservoir and Lutzomyia longipalpis is the sand fly vector. A synthetic version of the vector’s sex-aggregation pheromone attracts conspecifics to co-located lethal insecticide, reducing reservoir infection and vector abundance. Mathematical models of spatially deployed interventions are lacking, thus best practise using this novel lure-and-kill vector control approach to reduce infection incidence has not been fully explored.MethodsWe developed a predictive mathematical model of vector host-seeking behaviour combined with spatially explicit transmission models to evaluate changes in human and canine spatial infection incidence under variable pheromone implementation scenarios and demographic conditions.ResultsThe risk of human infection increased exponentially with canine incidence, but at different rates between rural and urban settings with spatial clustering of high forces of human infection related to their proximity to canine infected households. A predicted 70% household coverage using a cost-effective amount (50mg) of pheromone, plus insecticide, reduced rural and urban setting infection incidence by approximately 44% and 50% in dogs, and by 64% and 68% in humans, within 1-2 years. Near or complete transmission elimination in dogs and humans was achieved after 10 years intervention using 50mg of pheromone under 70% household coverage in urban settings when newly acquired (immigrant) dogs had no pre-existing infections, but in rural settings required 90% coverage using 500mg. The willingness to pay (WTP) price per 10mg unit of pheromone is likely to be <$3 USD, making it a cost-beneficial intervention compared to current alternative strategies.ConclusionsIntegrated stochastic and spatial models capturing vector host-seeking behaviour, is a useful mathematical framework to evaluate spatially dependent intervention methods, fine-scale transmission dynamics, and to identify best practise.

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Survival of eight LLIN brands 6, 12, 24 and 36 months after a mass distribution campaign in rural and urban settings in Senegal

10.21203/rs.3.rs-74935/v2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mbaye DIOUF ◽

Babacar Thiendella FAYE ◽

El hadji DIOUF ◽

Abdoulaye Kane DIA ◽

Abdoulaye KONATE ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Survival Time ◽

Median Survival ◽

Median Survival Time ◽

Universal Coverage ◽

Malaria Prevention ◽

Urban Setting ◽

Good Survival ◽

Urban Settings ◽

Good Communication ◽

Rural And Urban

Abstract Background Long lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN) are one of the core components of global malaria prevention and control. The lifespan of LLIN varies widely depending on the population or environment, and randomized studies are required to compare LLIN in households under different field conditions. This study investigated survival of different LLIN brands in Senegal. Methods 10,608 LLINs were distributed in five regions, each stratified by rural and urban setting. As part of the longitudinal follow-up, 2,222 nets were randomly sampled and monitored from 6 to 36 months. Using random effects for households, Bayesian models were used to estimate independent survival by net type (Interceptor®, Life Net®, MAGNet™, Netprotect®, Olyset® Net, PermaNet® 2.0 R, PermaNet® 2.0 C, Yorkool® LN) and by area (rural/urban). In addition to survival, median survival time and attrition of each LLIN brand was determined. Attrition was defined as nets that were missing because they were reported given away, destroyed and thrown away, or repurposed. Results Three net types had a proportion of survival above 80% after 24 months: Interceptor ® 87.8% (95% CI 80-93.4); conical PermaNet ® 2.0 86.9% (95% CI 79.3-92.4) and Life Net ® 85.6% (95% CI 75-93). At 36 months, conical PermaNet ® 2.0 maintained a good survival rate, 79.5% (95% CI 65.9-88.8). The attrition due to redistributed nets showed that the two conical net types (PermaNet ® 2.0 and Interceptor ® ) were more often retained by households and their median retention time was well above three years (median survival time =3.5 years for PermaNet ® 2.0 and median survival time =4 years for Interceptor ® ). Despite this good retention, Interceptor ® had weak physical integrity and its median survival due to wear and tear was below three years (median survival time = 2.4 years). The odds ratio of survival was 2.5 times higher in rural settings than in urban settings (OR 2.5; 95% CI 1.7-3.7). Conclusions Differences in survival among LLIN may be driven by brand, shape or environmental setting. In this study in Senegal, conical PermaNet ® 2.0 were retained in households while rectangular PermaNet ® 2.0 had lower retention, suggesting that net shape may play a role in retention and should be further investigated. Distribution of preferred LLIN shape, accompanied by good communication on care and repair, could lead to increased effective lifespan, and allow for longer intervals between universal coverage campaigns.

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PrEP Care Continuum Engagement Among Persons Who Inject Drugs: Rural and Urban Differences in Stigma and Social Infrastructure

AIDS and Behavior ◽

10.1007/s10461-021-03488-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Suzan M. Walters ◽

David Frank ◽

Brent Van Ham ◽

Jessica Jaiswal ◽

Brandon Muncan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Qualitative Interviews ◽

Urban Setting ◽

Rural Setting ◽

Social Infrastructure ◽

Persons Who Inject Drugs ◽

Urban Settings ◽

Service Programs ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Hiv Acquisition ◽

Willingness To Use

AbstractPre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a medication that prevents HIV acquisition, yet PrEP uptake has been low among people who inject drugs. Stigma has been identified as a fundamental driver of population health and may be a significant barrier to PrEP care engagement among PWID. However, there has been limited research on how stigma operates in rural and urban settings in relation to PrEP. Using in-depth semi-structured qualitative interviews (n = 57) we explore PrEP continuum engagement among people actively injecting drugs in rural and urban settings. Urban participants had more awareness and knowledge. Willingness to use PrEP was similar in both settings. However, no participant was currently using PrEP. Stigmas against drug use, HIV, and sexualities were identified as barriers to PrEP uptake, particularly in the rural setting. Syringe service programs in the urban setting were highlighted as a welcoming space where PWID could socialize and therefore mitigate stigma and foster information sharing.

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Maternal Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices towards Prevention and Management of Child Diarrhoea in Urban and Rural Maseru, Lesotho

International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health ◽

10.9734/ijtdh/2019/v36i230140 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-20

Author(s):

A. I. Adeleke ◽

T. Mhlaba

Keyword(s):

Tertiary Education ◽

Urban Setting ◽

Maternal Knowledge ◽

Monthly Income ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Urban Settings ◽

Maternal Characteristics ◽

Attitudes And Practices ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Knowledge Attitudes And Practices

Aim: To compare the knowledge, attitudes and practices of mothers in the prevention and management of child diarrhoea, in rural and urban settings of Maseru. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was carried out in the Domiciliary (Urban) and Tlali (Rural) Health centres in Maseru, within the period of February to May, 2017. Data was collected from 458 mothers/caregivers, with 299 (65%) and 159 (35%) from urban and rural settings respectively. Scores were assigned for the level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices. STATA 14.1 was applied to determine the strengths of associations between categories of the maternal characteristics and the outcome variables. Results: Aggregation of participants’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices response reveal a statistical significant association with residence. The maternal age range of 30-39 years, P = .03, and mothers with three (3) children, P = .02 were significantly associated with the knowledge of prevention and management of diarrhoea in the rural area. In the urban area, mothers with tertiary education, P = .04, employed, P = .001, unemployed, P = .004, and all categories of monthly income were significantly associated with the knowledge of prevention and management of diarrhoea. For the urban setting, an association between mothers’ attitudes and monthly income between M500 – M1399, P = .05 was observed. The practices of mothers/caregivers in the prevention and management of diarrhoea showed no significant differences in the light of the socio-demographic variables in both settings. Conclusion: The study revealed low level of maternal knowledge, attitudes and practices in prevention and management of child diarrhea in the rural and urban settings, hence the need to strengthen the existing health education messages on both settings.

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Survival of Eight LLIN Brands 6, 12, 24 and 36 Months After a Mass Distribution Campaign in Rural and Urban Settings in Senegal

10.21203/rs.3.rs-74935/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mbaye DIOUF ◽

Babacar Thiendella FAYE ◽

El hadji DIOUF ◽

Abdoulaye Kane DIA ◽

Abdoulaye KONATE ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Survival Time ◽

Median Survival ◽

Median Survival Time ◽

Universal Coverage ◽

Malaria Prevention ◽

Urban Setting ◽

Good Survival ◽

Urban Settings ◽

Good Communication ◽

Rural And Urban

Abstract Background: Long lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN) are one of the core components of global malaria prevention and control. The lifespan of LLIN varies widely depending on the population or environment, and randomized studies are required to compare LLIN in households under different field condition. This study investigated survival of different LLIN brands in Senegal.Methods: 12,608 LLINs were distributed in 5 regions each stratified by rural and urban setting. As part of the longitudinal follow-up, 2222 nets were randomly sampled and monitored from 6 to 36 months. Using random effects for households, Bayesian model were allowed to estimate independent survival by net type and by area (rural/urban). The complement of survival, attrition and median survival time of each LLIN brand, was determined as those nets that were missing because they were reported given away, destroyed and thrown, or repurposed.Results: Three net types had a proportion of survival above 80% after 24 months: Interceptor®87.8% (95% CI 80-93.4); conical PermaNet® 2.0 86.9% (95% CI 79.3-92.4) and Life Net® 85.6% (95% CI 75-93). At 36 months, conical PermaNet® 2.0 maintained a good survival rate, 79.5% (95% CI 65.9-88.8). The attrition due to redistributed nets showed that the two conical net types (PermaNet® 2.0 and Interceptor®) were more often retained by households and their median retention time was well above three years (median survival time =3.5 years for PermaNet® 2.0 and median survival time =4 years for Interceptor®). Despite this good retention, Interceptor® had a weak physical integrity and its median survival due to wear and tear was below three years (median survival time = 2.4 years). The odds ratio of survival was 2.5 times higher in rural settings than in urban settings (OR 2.5; 95% CI 1.7-3.7). Conclusions: Differences in survival among LLIN may be driven by brand, shape or environmental setting. It appears that in Senegal, conical nets may be retained longer. This study suggests that a distribution of preferred LLIN brand, accompanied by good communication on care and repair, could lead to increased effective lifespan, and allow for longer intervals between universal coverage campaigns.

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Women's Perceptions of the Superintendency

Journal of School Leadership ◽

10.1177/105268469400400203 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 156-170 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Marilyn L. Grady ◽

Theresa Ourada-Sieb ◽

Linda H. Wesson

Keyword(s):

Job Satisfaction ◽

Educational Administration ◽

Graduate Programs ◽

Women Superintendents ◽

Urban Settings ◽

Personal Strengths ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Study Results ◽

Women’S Perceptions

The majority of students enrolled in graduate programs in educational administration are women. However, few of these students aspire to be superintendents. This study was undertaken to identify the sources of job satisfaction, the benefits of the job, the sources of self-fulfillment, and the personal strengths that women bring to the superintendent's role. The study results are based on interviews with 51 women superintendents from rural and urban settings. For individuals considering assuming a superintendent's position, the findings offer a positive portrait of the superintendency from the perspectives of the women interviewed.

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Decomposing the rural–urban gap in factors associated with childhood immunisation in sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from surveys in 23 countries

BMJ Global Health ◽

10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003773 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. e003773

Author(s):

Edward Kwabena Ameyaw ◽

Yusuf Olushola Kareem ◽

Bright Opoku Ahinkorah ◽

Abdul-Aziz Seidu ◽

Sanni Yaya

Keyword(s):

Decomposition Analysis ◽

Household Wealth ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Demographic And Health Surveys ◽

Childhood Immunisation ◽

Urban Settings ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Full Immunisation ◽

Sub Saharan

BackgroundAbout 31 million children in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) suffer from immunisation preventable diseases yearly and more than half a million children die because of lack of access to immunisation. Immunisation coverage has stagnated at 72% in SSA over the past 6 years. Due to evidence that full immunisation of children may be determined by place of residence, this study aimed at investigating the rural–urban differential in full childhood immunisation in SSA.MethodsThe data used for this study consisted of 26 241 children pooled from 23 Demographic and Health Surveys conducted between 2010 and 2018 in SSA. We performed a Poisson regression analysis with robust Standard Errors (SEs) to determine the factors associated with full immunisation status for rural and urban children. Likewise, a multivariate decomposition analysis for non-linear response model was used to examine the contribution of the covariates to the observed rural and urban differential in full childhood immunisation. All analyses were performed using Stata software V.15.0 and associations with a p<0.05 were considered statistically significant.ResultsMore than half of children in urban settings were fully immunised (52.8%) while 59.3% of rural residents were not fully immunised. In all, 76.5% of rural–urban variation in full immunisation was attributable to differences in child and maternal characteristics. Household wealth was an important component contributing to the rural–urban gap. Specifically, richest wealth status substantially accounted for immunisation disparity (35.7%). First and sixth birth orders contributed 7.3% and 14.9%, respectively, towards the disparity while 7.9% of the disparity was attributable to distance to health facility.ConclusionThis study has emphasised the rural–urban disparity in childhood immunisation, with children in the urban settings more likely to complete immunisation. Subregional, national and community-level interventions to obviate this disparity should target children in rural settings, those from poor households and women who have difficulties in accessing healthcare facilities due to distance.

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