Convergent and discriminant validity of the perceived risk scale in business-to-business context using the multitrait-multimethod approach

Consumer marketing literature is abundant with research on perceived risk. However, little research has investigated the perceived risk measure in business-to-business, specially regarding its various measurement methodologies employed with respect to their validity. A basic goal of marketing as a science is to provide theoretical explanations for buying-selling behaviour. Whoever seeks such explanations normally borrows and develops constructs and theoretical propositions that cannot be promptly generalized. Thus, this research is primarily concerned with testing and discussing two perceived risk measurement scales across two buying situations (business-to-business) using different types of validation techniques. It tests some assumptions and tenets in models of perceived risk by submitting these measures to a convergent and discriminant validation using the multitraitmultimethod approach. The total of firms from two industrial sectors (pharmaceutical and clothing) in the largest States of the Brazilian Federation were consulted. The results indicate that both scales and their variations are valid to assess risk perception. The certainty/seriousness approach proved to be slightly better than the riskiness approach.

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Parental stress among Norwegian fathers and mothers: Similarities and differences

Journal of Social and Personal Relationships ◽

10.1177/02654075211049725 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 026540752110497

Author(s):

Silje S. Hukkelberg ◽

Ane Nærde

Keyword(s):

Construct Validity ◽

Parental Stress ◽

Discriminant Validity ◽

Factor Analyses ◽

Confirmatory Factor Analyses ◽

Mothers And Fathers ◽

Convergent And Discriminant Validity ◽

Confirmatory Factor ◽

Multimethod Approach ◽

Similarities And Differences

Although fathers are increasingly involved in childrearing, less is known about how parental stress is perceived among mothers and fathers separately. The present study investigated the construct validity of the PSS in a community-based sample of Norwegian father–mother dyads with a child aged 4. A total of 1030 mothers and fathers ( N = 515 dyads) responded to the PSS, which is a much used instrument that assesses stress related to childrearing across 18 items. Construct validity was investigated using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and the multitrait–multimethod approach (MTMM). The results revealed that six of the items showed extensive ceiling-effects for both parents, and were excluded from further analysis. Dimensionality was examined for the remaining 12 PSS items. The results supported a two-factor solution for both fathers and mothers, reflecting parental stressors (9 items) and lack of rewards (3 items). The MTMM approach indicated convergent and discriminant validity across traits (Parental stressors and Lack of rewards) and methods (father vs mother rating). We also explored the network of PSS items for mothers and fathers, and found both similarities and differences. Overall, the results of the factor analyses have implications for the use of the PSS. The networks of PSS suggest that some items may be especially important when addressing parental stress with mothers and fathers.

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Convergent and Discriminant Validity of the WHOQOL-BREF Using a Multitrait-Multimethod Approach

Social Indicators Research ◽

10.1007/s11205-013-0313-z ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 116 (3) ◽

pp. 971-988 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Yu-Yu Hsiao ◽

Chia-Huei Wu ◽

Grace Yao

Keyword(s):

Discriminant Validity ◽

Convergent And Discriminant Validity ◽

Multimethod Approach

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Using Multitrait-Multimethod (MTMM) Techniques to Examine the Convergent and Discriminant Validity of Social Disorder

Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency ◽

10.1177/0022427818771109 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 55 (5) ◽

pp. 571-608 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Sue-Ming Yang ◽

Joshua C. Hinkle ◽

Laura A. Wyckoff

Keyword(s):

Convergent Validity ◽

Discriminant Validity ◽

Data Sources ◽

Social Disorder ◽

Drug Activity ◽

Calls For Service ◽

Convergent And Discriminant Validity ◽

Multimethod Approach ◽

Service Data ◽

Source Of Information

Objectives: Disorder has been measured by various data sources; however, little attention has been given to comparing the construct validity of different measures obtained through various methods in capturing social disorder and related phenomena. Methods: The multitrait-multimethod approach was used to triangulate the consistency between social disorder, prostitution and drug activity across resident surveys, systematic social observations, and police calls for service data. Results: Prostitution and drug activity showed convergent validity, while there was little evidence that social disorder was consistently measured across the three methods. None of the three social problem measures showed high discriminant validity. Drug activity seems to have highest trait-specific discriminant validity across measures, and prostitution is the most identifiable measure across data sources. Social disorder was found to have low discriminant validity. However, the agreement between databases varies across the type of social problems. Conclusions: Social disorder appears to the most difficult concept to define and measure consistently. The lack of correspondence across data sources cautions against the use of a single source of information in studying disorder. Future studies should explore the factors that shape perceptions of disorder and how to best measure disorder to test the broken windows thesis and related concepts.

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A multilevel Multitrait–Multimethod Analysis of Self– and Peer–Reported Daily Affective Experiences

European Journal of Personality ◽

10.1002/per.804 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 25 (5) ◽

pp. 398-408 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Wiebke Bleidorn ◽

Anna–Lena Peters

Keyword(s):

Multilevel Model ◽

Discriminant Validity ◽

Levels Of Analysis ◽

Positive And Negative Affect ◽

Convergent And Discriminant Validity ◽

Multimethod Approach ◽

Affective Experiences ◽

Using Data ◽

Multivariate Multilevel Model ◽

Peer Reports

We examined the psychometric properties of an experience–sampling measure of affect (PANAS) using data from self– and peer reports. A multivariate multilevel model was used to assess the reliability of the latent PANAS scales at the within– and between–person level. Findings suggest satisfying internal consistencies for self– and peer reports of affective experiences at both levels of analysis. Convergent and discriminant validity of the two affect scales were examined by means of a multilevel multitrait–multimethod approach (MLM–MTMM) indicating distinct findings at the within– and between–person level. These findings provide further insights into the structural relations between the two PANAS scales: Whereas positive and negative affect were unrelated at the between–person level; they were negatively correlated at the within–person level. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Multichannel Strategies for Managing the Profitability of Business-to-Business Customers

Journal of Marketing Research ◽

10.1177/0022243718816952 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 56 (3) ◽

pp. 479-497 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Justin M. Lawrence ◽

Andrew T. Crecelius ◽

Lisa K. Scheer ◽

Ashutosh Patil

Keyword(s):

Perceived Risk ◽

Communication Theory ◽

Complex Data ◽

Data Set ◽

Strategic Investments ◽

Customer Needs ◽

Multimethod Approach ◽

Business Customers ◽

Post Hoc ◽

Business To Business

As business-to-business customers increasingly use online channels, sellers must reconsider strategic investments in at least two areas: the salesperson channel, which faces the threat of substitution, and customer-specific discounts, which may be more precisely targeted. The authors draw on communication theory to posit that a customer’s search and purchasing in the seller’s online channels interact positively with both salesperson contact and customer-specific discounts to drive the seller’s customer-level sales and profit return on these investments. A multimethod approach using a complex data set from a large industrial seller provides broad support for hypothesized effects. Two post hoc experiments reveal how online and salesperson channels are complementary, together improving customer–seller communication such that the seller is better able to fulfill customer needs and reduce customer perceived risk. This research advances the multichannel and pricing literatures and offers actionable insights for business-to-business marketers, revealing how online channels can complement traditional seller investments in salespeople and customer-specific discounts.

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What Does the Implicit Association Test Measure? A Test of the Convergent and Discriminant Validity of Prejudice-Related IATs

Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) ◽

10.1026//1618-3169.49.3.171 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 49 (3) ◽

pp. 171-180 ◽

Cited By ~ 74

Author(s):

Bertram Gawronski

Keyword(s):

Implicit Association Test ◽

Discriminant Validity ◽

Association Test ◽

Recent Criticism ◽

Implicit Association ◽

East Asians ◽

Student Sample ◽

Convergent And Discriminant Validity ◽

Explicit Prejudice ◽

Turkish People

Abstract. Drawing on recent criticism of the Implicit Association Test (IAT), the present study tested the convergent and discriminant validity of two prejudice-related IATs to corresponding explicit prejudice measures in a German student sample (N = 61). Confirming convergent validity, (a) an IAT designed to assess negative associations related to Turkish people was significantly related to the explicit endorsement of prejudiced beliefs about Turkish people, and (b) an IAT designed to assess negative associations related to East Asians was significantly related to explicit prejudice against East Asians. Moreover, confirming discriminant validity, (c) the Asian IAT was unrelated to the explicit endorsement of prejudiced beliefs about Turkish people, and (d) the Turkish IAT was unrelated to explicit prejudice against Asian people. These results further corroborate the assumption that the IAT is a valid method to assess the strength of evaluative associations in the domain of prejudice and stereotypes.

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An Initial Investigation of the Use of Comparative Referents to Assess Social Anxiety

European Journal of Psychological Assessment ◽

10.1027/1015-5759/a000349 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 34 (6) ◽

pp. 367-375 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Laura D. Seligman ◽

Erin F. Swedish ◽

Jason P. Rose ◽

Jessica M. Baker

Keyword(s):

Social Anxiety ◽

Discriminant Validity ◽

Self Report ◽

Injunctive Norms ◽

Good Reliability ◽

Convergent And Discriminant Validity ◽

Excellent Internal Consistency ◽

Social Quality Of Life ◽

Comparison Measures

Abstract. The current study examined the validity of two self-report measures of social anxiety constructed using social comparative referent points. It was hypothesized that these comparison measures would be both reliable and valid. Results indicated that two different comparative versions – one invoking injunctive norms and another invoking descriptive norms – showed good reliability, excellent internal consistency, and acceptable convergent and discriminant validity. The comparative measures also predicted positive functioning, some aspects of social quality of life, and social anxiety as measured by an independent self-report. These findings suggest that adding a comparative reference point to instructions on social anxiety measures may aid in the assessment of social anxiety.

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The Sorting Paired Features Task

Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) ◽

10.1027/1618-3169.56.5.329 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 56 (5) ◽

pp. 329-343 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Yoav Bar-Anan ◽

Brian A. Nosek ◽

Michelangelo Vianello

Keyword(s):

Discriminant Validity ◽

Association Measures ◽

Response Options ◽

Convergent And Discriminant Validity ◽

Attitude Measures ◽

Stimulus Features ◽

Single Response

The sorting paired features (SPF) task measures four associations in a single response block. Using four response options (e.g., good-Republicans, bad-Republicans, good-Democrats, and bad-Democrats), each trial requires participants to categorize two stimuli at once to a category pair (e.g., wonderful-Clinton to good-Democrats). Unlike other association measures, the SPF requires simultaneous categorization of both components of the association in the same trial. Providing measurement flexibility, it is sensitive to both focal, attended concepts and nonfocal, unattended stimulus features (e.g., gender of individuals in a politics SPF). Three studies measure race, gender, and political evaluations, differentiate automatic evaluations between known groups, provide evidence of convergent and discriminant validity with other attitude measures, and illustrate the SPF’s unique measurement qualities.

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