The State of Human Opportunities for Children in the Latin America and the Caribbean Region: 1995-2010

2011 ◽  
pp. 45-84
Author(s):  
José R. Molinas Vega ◽  
Ricardo Paes de Barros ◽  
Jaime Saavedra Chanduvi ◽  
Marcelo Giugale ◽  
Louise J. Cord ◽  
...  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  

This GSoD In Focus Special Brief provides an overview of the state of democracy of Latin America and the Caribbean at the end of 2019, prior to the outbreak of the pandemic, and assesses some of the preliminary impacts that the pandemic has had on democracy in the region in 2020. Key findings include: • Democratically, the region was ailing prior to the pandemic, with some countries suffering from democratic erosion or backsliding, others from democratic fragility and weakness. Overall, trust in democracy had been in steady decline in the decade preceding the pandemic. Citizen discontent has culminated in a protest wave hitting several countries in the region at the end of 2019. • The COVID-19 pandemic has hit a Latin American and Caribbean region plagued by unresolved structural problems of high crime and violence, political fragmentation and polarization, high poverty and inequality, corruption, and weak states. • Long-overdue political and socio-economic reforms have compounded the health and economic crises caused by the pandemic. This, coupled with heavy-handed approaches to curb the virus, risk further entrenching or exacerbating the concerning democratic trends observed in the region prior to the COVID-19 outbreak. • The challenges to democracy Latin America and the Caribbean during the pandemic include: the postponement of elections; excessive use of police force to enforce restrictions implemented to curb the pandemic; use of the military to carry out civil tasks; persistent crime and violence; new dangers for the right to privacy; increases in gender inequality and domestic violence; new risks posed to vulnerable groups; limited access to justice; restrictions on freedom of expression; executive overreach; reduced parliamentary oversight; political polarization and clashes between democratic institutions; new openings for corruption; and a discontented socially mobilized citizenry that rejects traditional forms of political representation. • Despite the challenges, the crisis ultimately provides a historic opportunity to redefine the terms of social contracts across the region, and for governments to think innovatively about how to open up spaces for dialogue and civic participation in order to build more inclusive, sustainable and interconnected societies, as well as more accountable, transparent and efficient democratic systems of government. The review of the state of democracy during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 uses qualitative analysis and data of events and trends in the region collected through International IDEA’s Global Monitor of COVID-19’s Impact on Democracy and Human Rights, an initiative co-funded by the European Union.


2012 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 737-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
GABRIEL ANDREUCCETTI ◽  
HERACLITO B. CARVALHO ◽  
RACHAEL KORCHA ◽  
YU YE ◽  
JASON BOND ◽  
...  

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 266-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilberto M. A. Rodrigues ◽  
Andrés Serbin

AbstractThe authors argue in this article that the main dimensions to be considered regarding the implementation of the Responsibility to Protect in Latin America and the Caribbean are the preventive dimension and, eventually the rebuilding dimension. The preventive dimension of the Responsibility to Protect cannot be dissociated from a general strategy of armed or violent conflict prevention, and should not be focused only in the prevention of mass atrocities. In the framework of the juridical and cultural legacy of the region, special attention should be directed to avoid considering the reactive dimension of RtoP, as well-embedded principles of national sovereignty, non-intervention and regional peaceful resolution of disputes obstruct any attempt of external intervention, even if they are related to international community initiatives. In this regard, the authors argue that the traditional role of regional organisations and mechanisms in peaceful resolution of inter-state conflicts, should be deepened, combined and coordinated with civil society initiatives, in the implementation of RtoP. The role of civil society organisations and networks should be strengthened through an increasing capacity building process, which includes developing skills and capacities to address both prevention and early warning, and which ought to be based on research, education and networking.


2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 387-390
Author(s):  
David X. Soto ◽  
Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo ◽  
Lucía Ortega ◽  
Orlando Mauricio Quiroz Londoño ◽  
Luis J. Araguás-Araguás ◽  
...  

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 714-729
Author(s):  
Raul Chaparro ◽  
Santiago Melendi ◽  
Marilina Santero ◽  
Mariana Seijo ◽  
Natalia Elorriaga ◽  
...  

Abstract The Healthy Municipalities and Communities Strategy (HMCS) was developed by the Pan American Health Organization in 1990. Evaluation and monitoring are fundamental components of health promotion policies. The aim of this study is to explore the indicators used in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) countries to assess the performance of HMCS. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, BVSDE and Google Advanced Search for documents published between January 2000 and April 2016. We included only documents with assessment indicators of the strategy. All articles were independently assessed for eligibility by pairs of reviewers. We classified the indicators with a supporting framework proposed by O’Neill and Simard (Choosing indicators to evaluate Healthy Cities projects: a political task? Health Promot Int 2006, 21, 145–152.). Local level indicators figured far more prominently among countries and were distributed both in projects and specific activities. Regarding the evolution of the HMCS, indicators were reported in the five levels of analysis (local projects and activities, provincial, national and international networks). Empowerment was represented through the presence of active community organizations and different methods of community participation (forums, open hearing and participation maps). Public policies (such as for tobacco cessation) and bylaws adherence and changes in school’s curricula regarding healthy eating were frequently mentioned. However, this review demonstrated that impact indicators related to lifestyle changes or built environment are not clearly defined and there is a lack of indicators to measure progress in achieving change in long-term outcomes in LAC. We highlight the importance of designing validated indicators for measuring the impact of health promotion policies in partnership with each country involved.


Zootaxa ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 1298 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
FREDDY BRAVO ◽  
DANILO CORDEIRO ◽  
CINTHIA CHAGAS

Two new species of Brazilian Psychoda Latreille are described, and Psychoda alternata Say and P. zetoscota Quate are recorded for the first time from Brazil. Psychoda divaricata Duckhouse, already described from southern Brazil, was recorded in the northeastern part of that country, as well as in the eastern Amazon region. The supraspecific classification proposed for the species of Psychoda according to Quate (= Psychodini of Jeñek) are discussed. A new classification is suggested that considers only one genus, Psychoda, divided into 12 subgenera: subgenus Psychoda Latreille, subgenus Copropsychoda Vaillant, subgenus Falsologima Jeñek & Harten, subgenus Psychodula Jeñek, subgenus Psychomora Jeñek, subgenus Psychana Jeñek & Harten, subgenus Logima Eaton, subgenus Tinearia Schellenberg, subgenus Chodopsycha Jeñek, subgenus Ypsydocha Jeñek, subgenus Psychodocha Jeñek, and subgenus Psycha Jeñek. A list of the Psychoda species from Latin America and the Caribbean region is presented.


Author(s):  
Ireneusz Topolski

<p>La posición militar internacional de un Estado puede describirse principalmente en categorías cuantitativas. En el caso de la región de América Latina y el Caribe, hay también otros determinantes que influyen en la evaluación de la posición militar de los países. Los más importantes parecen ser: las amenazas externas e internas a la seguridad nacional, incluidas las amenazas no militares de carácter transfronterizo, la posición militar internacional de los Estados Unidos de América, el contexto histórico y cultural, el papel de los militares en la política interna, la modernización del ejército, las nuevas tareas de las fuerzas armadas y las condiciones geográficas. En este artículo se analizará la posición de las fuerzas terrestres, aéreas, navales, así como de las formaciones paramilitares de los países de la región en el período 2008–2020.</p>


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