Basic Characteristics of High-Rate Multiplexing Systems with Time Compression of Channels According to ITU-T Recommendations Part 1. Basic Characteristics of Multiplexing Systems of the First Level of Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

2005 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-202
Author(s):  
S. G. Emelianov ◽  
O. I. Atakishchev ◽  
I. S. Zakharov ◽  
E. A. Titenko ◽  
E. Yu. Musakin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Rate ◽  
Time Compression ◽  
Basic Characteristics ◽  
Multiplexing Systems

scholarly journals Analysis of the COVID-19 Epidemic Transmission Network in Mainland China: K-Core Decomposition Study (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Qin ◽  
Yidan Wang ◽  
Qiang Sun ◽  
Xiaomei Zhang ◽  
Ben-Chang Shia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Structure ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Hubei Province ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
The Hierarchical Structure ◽  
Influential Nodes ◽  
Basic Characteristics ◽  
And Function ◽  
And Control

BACKGROUND Since the outbreak of COVID-19 in December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, frequent interregional contacts and the high rate of infection spread have catalyzed the formation of an epidemic network. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify influential nodes and highlight the hidden structural properties of the COVID-19 epidemic network, which we believe is central to prevention and control of the epidemic. METHODS We first constructed a network of the COVID-19 epidemic among 31 provinces in mainland China; after some basic characteristics were revealed by the degree distribution, the k-core decomposition method was employed to provide static and dynamic evidence to determine the influential nodes and hierarchical structure. We then exhibited the influence power of the above nodes and the evolution of this power. RESULTS Only a small fraction of the provinces studied showed relatively strong outward or inward epidemic transmission effects. The three provinces of Hubei, Beijing, and Guangzhou showed the highest out-degrees, and the three highest in-degrees were observed for the provinces of Beijing, Henan, and Liaoning. In terms of the hierarchical structure of the COVID-19 epidemic network over the whole period, more than half of the 31 provinces were located in the innermost core. Considering the correlation of the characteristics and coreness of each province, we identified some significant negative and positive factors. Specific to the dynamic transmission process of the COVID-19 epidemic, three provinces of Anhui, Beijing, and Guangdong always showed the highest coreness from the third to the sixth week; meanwhile, Hubei Province maintained the highest coreness until the fifth week and then suddenly dropped to the lowest in the sixth week. We also found that the out-strengths of the innermost nodes were greater than their in-strengths before January 27, 2020, at which point a reversal occurred. CONCLUSIONS Increasing our understanding of how epidemic networks form and function may help reduce the damaging effects of COVID-19 in China as well as in other countries and territories worldwide.

Partial Discharges Characteristics in Oil Shale of Various Deposits

2014 ◽  
Vol 1040 ◽  
pp. 726-729
Author(s):  
Ilia A. Koryashov ◽  
Vladimir V. Lopatin ◽  
Andrey A. Bukharkin ◽  
Sergey M. Martemyanov
Keyword(s):  
Oil Shale ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Organic Content ◽  
Partial Discharges ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Efficient Technology ◽  
Electrical Discharges ◽  
Basic Characteristics ◽  
Electrothermal Breakdown ◽  
Electrical Intensity

Attention to oil shale processing as unconventional energy source grows significantly. Electrical discharge phenomena application allows creating new efficient technology. Dynamics of PD basic characteristics of voltage in oil shale is described in this paper. Thermodestruction with abnormally high rate is occurred and caused by PD activity. Critical PD incept under low electrical intensity due to oil shale porosity, anisotropy and heterogeneity. PD induce treeing with following electrothermal breakdown. Organic content has influence on electrical discharges phenomena in oil shale. Therefore, the detailed study of PD, treeing and breakdown in oil shale allows developing an efficient method of inferior solid fossil fuels processing.

scholarly journals Analysis of the COVID-19 Epidemic Transmission Network in Mainland China: K-Core Decomposition Study

10.2196/24291 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. e24291
Author(s):  
Lei Qin ◽  
Yidan Wang ◽  
Qiang Sun ◽  
Xiaomei Zhang ◽  
Ben-Chang Shia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Structure ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Hubei Province ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
The Hierarchical Structure ◽  
Influential Nodes ◽  
Basic Characteristics ◽  
And Function ◽  
And Control

Background Since the outbreak of COVID-19 in December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, frequent interregional contacts and the high rate of infection spread have catalyzed the formation of an epidemic network. Objective The aim of this study was to identify influential nodes and highlight the hidden structural properties of the COVID-19 epidemic network, which we believe is central to prevention and control of the epidemic. Methods We first constructed a network of the COVID-19 epidemic among 31 provinces in mainland China; after some basic characteristics were revealed by the degree distribution, the k-core decomposition method was employed to provide static and dynamic evidence to determine the influential nodes and hierarchical structure. We then exhibited the influence power of the above nodes and the evolution of this power. Results Only a small fraction of the provinces studied showed relatively strong outward or inward epidemic transmission effects. The three provinces of Hubei, Beijing, and Guangzhou showed the highest out-degrees, and the three highest in-degrees were observed for the provinces of Beijing, Henan, and Liaoning. In terms of the hierarchical structure of the COVID-19 epidemic network over the whole period, more than half of the 31 provinces were located in the innermost core. Considering the correlation of the characteristics and coreness of each province, we identified some significant negative and positive factors. Specific to the dynamic transmission process of the COVID-19 epidemic, three provinces of Anhui, Beijing, and Guangdong always showed the highest coreness from the third to the sixth week; meanwhile, Hubei Province maintained the highest coreness until the fifth week and then suddenly dropped to the lowest in the sixth week. We also found that the out-strengths of the innermost nodes were greater than their in-strengths before January 27, 2020, at which point a reversal occurred. Conclusions Increasing our understanding of how epidemic networks form and function may help reduce the damaging effects of COVID-19 in China as well as in other countries and territories worldwide.

Structure of Palladium Single-Crystal Films Prepared by Flash Evaporation onto (001) NaCl Substrates

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 456-457
Author(s):  
L. E. Murr ◽  
G. Wong
Keyword(s):  
Single Crystal ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Ultra High Vacuum ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Flash Evaporation ◽  
Optimum Load ◽  
Single Crystal Films ◽  
Crystal Films ◽  
A Current

Palladium single-crystal films have been prepared by Matthews in ultra-high vacuum by evaporation onto (001) NaCl substrates cleaved in-situ, and maintained at ∼ 350° C. Murr has also produced large-grained and single-crystal Pd films by high-rate evaporation onto (001) NaCl air-cleaved substrates at 350°C. In the present work, very large (∼ 3cm2), continuous single-crystal films of Pd have been prepared by flash evaporation onto air-cleaved (001) NaCl substrates at temperatures at or below 250°C. Evaporation rates estimated to be ≧ 2000 Å/sec, were obtained by effectively short-circuiting 1 mil tungsten evaporation boats in a self-regulating system which maintained an optimum load current of approximately 90 amperes; corresponding to a current density through the boat of ∼ 4 × 104 amperes/cm2.

Development of imaging plate for a TEM and its characteristics

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 100-101
Author(s):  
N. Mori ◽  
T. Oikawa ◽  
Y. Harada ◽  
J. Miyahara ◽  
T. Matsuo
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Protective Layer ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Imaging Plate ◽  
Phosphor Layer ◽  
Imaging Device ◽  
X Ray Imaging ◽  
New Type ◽  
Basic Characteristics ◽  
Reading System

The Imaging Plate (IP) is a new type imaging device, which was developed for diagnostic x ray imaging. We have reported that usage of the IP for a TEM has many merits; those are high sensitivity, wide dynamic range, and good linearity. However in the previous report the reading system was prototype drum-type-scanner, and IP was also experimentally made, which phosphor layer was 50μm thick with no protective layer. So special care was needed to handle them, and they were used only to make sure the basic characteristics. In this article we report the result of newly developed reading, printing system and high resolution IP for practical use. We mainly discuss the characteristics of the IP here. (Precise performance concerned with the reader and other system are reported in the other article.)Fig.1 shows the schematic cross section of the IP. The IP consists of three parts; protective layer, phosphor layer and support.

Rapid Freezing of Freeze-Etch Specimens

1980 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 752-755
Author(s):  
A. Elgsaeter ◽  
T. Espevik ◽  
G. Kopstad
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Metal Surface ◽  
Relative Velocity ◽  
Thermal Contact ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Rapid Freezing ◽  
Temperature Decrease ◽  
Freeze Etching

The importance of a high rate of temperature decrease (“rapid freezing”) when freezing specimens for freeze-etching has long been recognized1. The two basic methods for achieving rapid freezing are: 1) dropping the specimen onto a metal surface at low temperature, 2) bringing the specimen instantaneously into thermal contact with a liquid at low temperature and subsequently maintaining a high relative velocity between the liquid and the specimen. Over the last couple of years the first method has received strong renewed interest, particularily as the result of a series of important studies by Heuser and coworkers 2,3. In this paper we will compare these two freezing methods theoretically and experimentally.

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