Movement Patterns of Adult and Juvenile Rana sylvatica (LeConte) and Ambystoma maculatum (Shaw) in Three Restored Seasonal Pools in Maine

2004 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 551-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Vasconcelos ◽  
Aram J. K. Calhoun

1993 ◽  
Vol 50 (7) ◽  
pp. 1497-1503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Freda ◽  
D. Gordon McDonald

We measured the survival of transplanted embryos and tadpoles of the wood frog (Rana sylvatica), the American toad (Bufo americanus), and the spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) in 16 ponds located approximately 60 km south of Sudbury, Ontario. Mortality of embryos of all species and mortality of B. americanus tadpoles were correlated only with water pH. In two low-pH ponds, high concentrations of dissolved organic compounds might have been a toxic component. Aluminum and pH were correlated with mortality for only R. sylvatica tadpoles. Overall, Al did not appear to be very toxic in both laboratory and field exposures possibly due to complexation by dissolved organic compounds.



1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (11) ◽  
pp. 2649-2656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Freda ◽  
William A. Dunson

Amphibian embryos exposed to water of low pH were killed by two distinct mechanisms. At very low pH levels, embryos stopped development soon after exposure to test solutions. At higher but still lethal pH levels, embryos became curled within a shrunken perivitelline space and failed to hatch (curling defect). The addition of Ca, Mg, and to a lesser extent Na (> 10 mg/L), prevented the early mortality of embryos in acidic water. However, increasing concentrations of these ions also caused the curling defect. Embryos of Ambystoma maculatum and Ambystoma jeffersonianum were generally able to hatch even though they became curled, but Rana sylvatica remained trapped and died. Consequently, as the concentration of Ca, Mg, or Na was increased at low pH, greater numbers of embryos of A. maculatum and A. jeffersonianum hatched, while survival of embryos of R. sylvatica was drastically reduced.



1994 ◽  
Vol 197 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-30
Author(s):  
A Pinder ◽  
S Friet

Many amphibians lay their eggs in gelatinous masses up to 10­20 cm in diameter, posing problems for diffusive oxygen delivery. Oxygen may also be provided by water convection between eggs or by oxygen production by endogenous algae. We studied egg masses of two local amphibians, Rana sylvatica and Ambystoma maculatum, to estimate the importance of each of these processes. We injected dye to check for water channels, measured oxygen partial pressures within egg masses to determine the influence of external water convection and lighting, measured oxygen consumption and production in darkness and light and calculated expected gradients through egg masses with a cylindrical, homogeneous egg mass model. Rana sylvatica had relatively loose egg masses with water channels between the eggs; water convection was important for oxygen delivery. Ambystoma maculatum had firm egg masses with no spaces in the jelly between eggs; thus, there was no opportunity for convective oxygen delivery. The egg masses were cohabited by Oophila ambystomatis, a green alga found specifically in association with amphibian egg masses. Oxygen delivery in A. maculatum was by diffusion and by local production by the algal symbiont. Analysis of a cylindrical egg mass model and measurement of oxygen gradients through egg masses indicated that diffusion alone was not adequate to deliver sufficient O2 to the innermost embryos at late developmental stages. In the light, however, egg masses had a net oxygen production and became hyperoxic. Over the course of a day with a 14 h:10 h light:dark cycle, the innermost embryos were alternately exposed to hyperoxia and near anoxia.



1986 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 230 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Ling ◽  
J. P. VanAmberg ◽  
J. K. Werner


2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Kalafut ◽  
Numi Mitchell ◽  
Wendy Finn


2016 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 328-336
Author(s):  
Abdul Basit

Based on the results of research that conducted by previous researchers suggest that the schools are the institutions most vulnerable to enter the radical religious ideology. Many factors could be cause this to happen. The lack regulation of the process of Islamic religious education in the schools, psychological conditions adolescentare unstable and looking for identity, the lack of religious comprehension in the students, and the religious organizations that entered to school institutions with a various of ideologies very easy, are part of the factors that cause vulnerability school institute from radical religious comprehension. In the respect to these conditions are required the model of the da’wa movement that can be accepted by adolescent and it be an alternative in the development of da’wa in the schools.To get the data, the authors conducted a qualitative study in the area of ​​Purwokerto using the phenomenological approach. The researchers conducted interviews and focus group discussions with the school leaders, teachers, students, activists of religious organizations, and religious leaders who understand the problems in this study. The main data is processed by combining the results of the observation and study of literature through a phenomenological approach that emphasizes the meaning behind the phrases or statements from informan.To produce the movement patterns of school da’wathat can be acceptable to all the communities in the schools, the school needs to make the movement patterns of integratif school da’wa,both intra-curricular, co-curricular and extra-curricularactivities. The religious activities and cultivation of religious values ​​are part of the process of da’wa that do not separated in the schools. In the practice of this the movement patterns, the school should pay attention to the characteristics of the school, students' backgrounds, as well as involvedstakeholders and the da’wa organizations.



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