Strange quark matter and proto-strange stars in a baryon density-dependent quark mass model

The properties of strange quark matter and the structures of (proto-)strange stars are studied within the framework of a baryon density-dependent quark mass model, where a new quark mass scaling and self-consistent thermodynamic treatment are adopted. Our results show that the perturbative interaction has a strong impact on the properties of strange quark matter. It is found that the energy per baryon increases with temperature, while the free energy decreases and eventually becomes negative. At fixed temperatures, the pressure at the minimum free energy per baryon is zero, suggesting that the thermodynamic self-consistency is preserved. Additionally, the sound velocity v in quark matter approaches to the extreme relativistic limit (c=p3) as the density increases. By increasing the strengths of confinement parameter D and perturbation parameter C, the tendency for v to approach the extreme relativistic limit at high density is slightly weakened. For (proto-)strange stars, in contrast to the quark mass scalings adopted in previous publications, the new quark mass scaling can accommodate massive proto-strange stars with their maximum mass surpassing twice the solar mass by considering the isentropic stages along the star evolution line, where the entropy per baryon of the star matter was set to be 0.5 and 1 with the lepton fraction Yl=0.4.

Calculation of blast hole charge amount based on three-dimensional solid model of blasting rock mass

The development and use of intelligent drilling rigs make it available to obtain accurate lithology data of blast drilling. In order to make full use of drilling data to improve blasting efficiency, the following research was carried out. First, a database is established to manage and store the blast hole data recognized by the intelligent drill. Secondly, the blast hole lithology data is taken as a sample, and the inverse distance square method is used to interpolate the blasting range's solid elements to generate a three-dimensional solid model of the blasting rock mass. Afterward, the blasting range polygon and stope triangle grid are used successively in the solid model to obtain the cut 3D solid model of the blasting rock mass; finally, the blast hole charge is calculated based on the cut 3D solid model of the blasting rock. The C++ programming language is used to realize all the blast hole charge amount processes based on the three-dimensional solid model of the blasting rock mass. With the application example of No. 918 bench blasting of Shengli Open-pit Coal Mine in Xilinhot, Inner Mongolia, the blast hole charge amount in the blasting area is calculated and compared with the results of single hole rock property calculation, the results show that the blast hole charge calculated by three-dimensional rock mass model can be effectively reduced.

Comparison of Tethered Post-Capture System Models for Space Debris Removal

The space debris problem poses a huge threat to operational satellites and has to be addressed. Multiple removal methods have been proposed to keep Earth’s orbit stable. Flexible connection capturing methods, such as the harpoon system, tether–gripper system and the net system, are potential candidate methods for space debris removal in the future. However, the tethered system is usually assumed as a dumbbell model where two end masses are connected by a rigid bar. This traditional model is not accurate enough to predict the motion of the target, neither the whole system. In this paper, three models, namely the modified dumbbell model, lumped-mass model and the ANCF model, to describe a tethered post-capture system for space debris removal are described and compared. Moreover, modal analysis of the tethered system is performed, and an analytical solution of the system’s natural frequency is derived. In addition, two configurations of the tethered system, namely the single tether configuration and the sub-tether configuration are simulated and compared based on three models, respectively. Finally, the influence on the chaser satellite by the initial angular velocity of the target is analyzed.

Inherent anharmonicity of harmonic solids

Atomic vibrations, in the form of phonons, are foundational in describing the thermal behavior of materials. The possible frequencies of phonons in materials are governed by the complex bonding between atoms, which is physically represented by a spring-mass model that can account for interactions (spring forces) between the atoms (masses). The lowest order, harmonic, approximation only considers linear forces between atoms and is thought incapable of explaining phenomena like thermal expansion and thermal conductivity, which are attributed to non-linear, anharmonic, interactions. Here we show that the kinetic energy of atoms in a solid produces a pressure much like the kinetic energy of atoms in a gas does. This vibrational or phonon pressure naturally increases with temperature, as it does in a gas, and therefore results in a thermal expansion. Because thermal expansion thermodynamically defines a Grüneisen parameter, which is a typical metric of anharmonicity, we show that even a harmonic solid will necessarily have some anharmonicity. A consequence of this phonon pressure model is a harmonic estimation of the Grüneisen parameter from the ratio of the transverse and longitudinal speeds of sound. We demonstrate the immediate utility of this model by developing a high-throughput harmonic estimate of lattice thermal conductivity that is comparable to other state-of-the-art estimations. By linking harmonic and anharmonic properties explicitly, this study provokes new ideas about the fundamental nature of anharmonicity, while also providing a basis for new materials engineering design metrics.

Stability of Fixed Points in an Approximate Solution of the Spring-Mass Running Model

We consider a classical spring-mass model of human running which is built upon an inverted elastic pendulum. Based on our previous results concerning asymptotic solutions for large spring constant (or small angle of attack), we construct analytical approximations of solutions in the considered model. The model itself consists of two sets of differential equations - one set describes the motion of the centre of mass of a runner in contact with the ground (support phase), and the second set describes the phase of no contact with the ground (flight phase). By appropriately concatenating asymptotic solutions for the two phases we are able to reduce the dynamics to a onedimensional apex to apex return map. We find sufficient conditions for this map to have a unique stable fixed point. By numerical continuation of fixed points with respect to energy, we find a transcritical bifurcation in our model system.MSC 2020 Classification: 34C20, 34D05, 37N25, 70K20, 70K42, 70K50, 70K60

Detection of a 100,000 M ⊙ black hole in M31's Most Massive Globular Cluster: A Tidally Stripped Nucleus

We investigate the presence of a central black hole (BH) in B023-G078, M31's most massive globular cluster. We present high-resolution, adaptive-optics assisted, integral-field spectroscopic kinematics from Gemini/NIFS that show a strong rotation (∼20 km s−1) and a velocity dispersion rise toward the center (37 km s−1). We combine the kinematic data with a mass model based on a two-component fit to HST ACS/HRC data of the cluster to estimate the mass of a putative BH. Our dynamical modeling suggests a >3σ detection of a BH component of 9.1 − 2.8 + 2.6 × 10 4 M ⊙ (1σ uncertainties). The inferred stellar mass of the cluster is 6.22 − 0.05 + 0.03 × 10 6 M ⊙ , consistent with previous estimates, thus the BH makes up 1.5% of its mass. We examine whether the observed kinematics are caused by a collection of stellar mass BHs by modeling an extended dark mass as a Plummer profile. The upper limit on the size scale of the extended mass is 0.56 pc (95% confidence), which does not rule out an extended mass. There is compelling evidence that B023-G078 is the tidally stripped nucleus of a galaxy with a stellar mass >109 M ⊙, including its high-mass, two-component luminosity profile, color, metallicity gradient, and spread in metallicity. Given the emerging evidence that the central BH occupation fraction of >109 M ⊙ galaxies is high, the most plausible interpretation of the kinematic data is that B023-G078 hosts a central BH. This makes it the strongest BH detection in a lower-mass (<107 M ⊙) stripped nucleus, and one of the few dynamically detected intermediate-mass BHs.

A personalizable autonomous neural mass model of epileptic seizures

The prospect of personalized computational modeling in neurological disorders, and in particular in epilepsy, is poised to revolutionize the field. Work in the last two decades has demonstrated that neural mass models (NMM) can realistically reproduce and explain epileptic seizure transitions as recorded by electrophysiological methods (EEG, SEEG). In previous work, advances were achieved by i) increasing excitation in NMM and ii) heuristically varying network inhibitory coupling parameters or, equivalently, inhibitory synaptic gains. Based on those studies, we provide here a laminar neural mass model capable of realistically reproducing the electrical activity recorded by SEEG in the epileptogenic zone during interictal to ictal states. With the exception of the external noise input onto the pyramidal cell population, the model dynamics are autonomous --- all model parameters are static. By setting the system at a point close to bifurcation, seizure-like transitions are generated, including pre-ictal spikes, low voltage fast activity, and ictal rhythmic activity. A novel element in the model is a physiologically plausible algorithm for chloride accumulation dynamics: the gain of GABAergic post-synaptic potentials is modulated by the pathological accumulation of Cl$^-$ in pyramidal cells, due to high inhibitory input and/or dysfunctional chloride transport. In addition, in order to simulate SEEG signals to compare with real recordings performed in epileptic patients, the NMM is embedded first in a layered model of the neocortex and then in a realistic physical model. We compare modeling results with data from four epilepsy patient cases. By including key pathophysiological mechanisms, the proposed framework captures succinctly the electrophysiological phenomenology observed in ictal states, paving the way for robust personalization methods using brain network models based on NMMs.

The Critical Modulatory Role of Spiny Stellate Cells in Seizure Onset Based on Dynamic Analysis of a Neural Mass Model

Growing evidence suggests that excitatory neurons in the brain play a significant role in seizure generation. Nonetheless, spiny stellate cells are cortical excitatory non-pyramidal neurons in the brain, whose basic role in seizure occurrence is not well understood. In the present research, we study the critical role of spiny stellate cells or the excitatory interneurons (EI), for the first time, in epileptic seizure generation using an extended neural mass model inspired by a thalamocortical model originally introduced by another research group. Applying bifurcation analysis on this modified model, we investigated the rich dynamics corresponding to the epileptic seizure onset and transition between interictal and ictal states caused by EI connectivity to other cell types. Our results indicate that the transition between interictal and ictal states (preictal signal) corresponds to a supercritical Hopf bifurcation, and thus, the extended model suggests that before seizure onset, the amplitude and frequency of neural activities gradually increase. Moreover, we showed that (1) the altered function of GABAergic and glutamatergic receptors of EI can cause seizure, and (2) the pathway between the thalamic relay nucleus and EI facilitates the transition from interictal to ictal activity by decreasing the preictal period. Thereafter, we considered both sensory and cortical periodic inputs to study model responses to various harmonic stimulations. Bifurcation analysis of the model, in this case, suggests that the initial state of the model might be the main cause for the transition between interictal and ictal states as the stimulus frequency changes. The extended thalamocortical model shows also that the amplitude jump phenomenon and non-linear resonance behavior result from the preictal state of the modified model. These results can be considered as a step forward to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying the transition from normal activities to epileptic activities.