High egg rejection and low aggressive responses of Mountain Bluebirds (Sialia currucoides) toward Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater)

2021 ◽  
Vol 132 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephany Gonzalez ◽  
Summer O'Brien ◽  
Kaylee Cruz ◽  
Vanessa Morales ◽  
Pablo F. Weaver
The Condor ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 580-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian D. Peer ◽  
Spencer G. Sealy

AbstractWe conducted a comparative analysis of eight potential correlates of egg rejection in hosts of the parasitic Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) to test the evolutionary equilibrium and evolutionary lag hypotheses as explanations for the acceptance of cowbird parasitism. The analyses generally supported evolutionary lag. Historic contact with cowbirds may explain why hosts that have recently come into contact with cowbirds accept parasitism, but it does not account for acceptance by hosts with long histories of contact with cowbirds. Egg predation by hosts, nest sanitation, population size, and egg appearance were not correlated with rejection. Larger species that typically build larger nests were more likely to reject. Large hosts may have been parasitized more frequently in the past, possibly due to their more easily found nests or superiority as hosts, and as a result, may have had more opportunity to evolve rejection. Rejection was also correlated with taxonomic affiliation, suggesting that once rejection evolves it is maintained, which implies that rejection is not costly and thus argues against an evolutionary equilibrium. Not surprisingly, hosts with large bills were more likely to reject. This may be a corollary of the tendency for large hosts, which tend to have larger bills, to reject. An evolutionary equilibrium may exist for hosts with eggs that resemble cowbird eggs, depending on the costs to host reproductive success and the likelihood of committing recognition errors. Nevertheless, some hosts have been in contact with cowbirds for a long time, build large nests, have large bills, have a “favorable” phylogeny, and lay eggs that differ from cowbird eggs, yet accept cowbird parasitism. Chance may play a role in the accumulation of the necessary recombinants and mutations necessary for the evolution of rejection.Factores Correlacionados con el Rechazo de Huevos por parte de Hospederos de Molothrus aterResumen. Realizamos un análisis comparativo de ocho factores que potencialmente podrían estar correlacionados con el rechazo de huevos por parte de hospederos del parásito de cría Molothrus ater para poner a prueba las hipótesis de equilibrio evolutivo y de demora en la respuesta evolutiva propuestas para explicar la aceptación del parasitismo. Los análisis generalmente apoyaron la hipótesis de la demora en la respuesta evolutiva. El contacto histórico con Molothrus podría explicar por qué hospederos que sólo recientemente han entrado en contacto con estas aves aceptan el parasitismo, pero no explica por qué hay hospederos que tienen largas historias de contacto con el parásito y aceptan ser parasitadas. La depredación de huevos por parte del hospedero, el comportamiento de aseo del nido, el tamaño poblacional y la apariencia de los huevos no estuvieron correlacionados con el rechazo de huevos parásitos. Las especies grandes, que típicamente construyen nidos más grandes, presentaron una probabilidad más alta de rechazar huevos. Los hospederos más grandes podrían haber sido parasitados más frecuentemente en el pasado, posiblemente debido a que sus nidos se encuentran con mayor facilidad o a que son mejores hospederos y, como resultado, podrían haber tenido mayores oportunidades evolutivas para desarrollar el comportamiento de rechazar huevos. El comportamiento de rechazo también estuvo correlacionado con la filiación taxonómica, lo que sugiere que una vez que éste evoluciona se mantiene, implicando que no es costoso, lo que a su vez es un argumento en contra de la hipótesis del equilibrio evolutivo. De forma poco sorprendente, los hospederos con picos grandes fueron más propensos a rechazar huevos. Esto podría ser un corolario de la tendencia de los hospederos grandes (los cuales tienden a tener picos más grandes) a rechazar huevos. Es posible que exista un equilibrio evolutivo para los casos de hospederos que tienen huevos que se asemejan a los de Molothrus, dependiendo de los costos sobre el éxito reproductivo del hospedero y la probabilidad de cometer errores de reconocimiento. Sin embargo, algunos hospederos han estado en contacto con Molothrus por períodos prolongados, construyen nidos grandes, tienen picos grandes, tienen afinidades filogenéticas “favorables” y ponen huevos que difieren de los del parásito, y aún así aceptan el parasitismo. El azar podría jugar un papel importante en la acumulación de los recombinantes y mutaciones necesarios para que el comportamiento de rechazo pueda evolucionar.


2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (10) ◽  
pp. 895-903 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Stalwick ◽  
K.L. Wiebe

Clearcutting of forests results in habitats that structurally resemble grasslands and so may act as ecological traps for grassland birds. Several studies have implicated predation as the factor that decreases the number of offspring, but few have examined performance at other breeding stages. Consistent with a passive ecological trap, Mountain Bluebirds (Sialia currucoides (Bechstein, 1798)) that settled in clearcuts in central British Columbia did not differ in age or quality from adults in grasslands. Nest building and laying date of the first egg did not differ between habitats, suggesting an equal propensity for settling in each habitat. In clearcuts, however, the body condition of female parents was lower, and they abandoned their nests more often in harsh weather. This higher total clutch loss in clearcuts meant that seasonal production of fledglings per female was 13% less in clearcuts. Furthermore, fledglings in grasslands weighed 4% more and female fledglings had plumage with shorter (UV-shifted) wavelengths (hence greater ornamentation) than those in clearcuts, suggesting that they were also of better quality. Thus, predation rates were not the cause of reduced reproduction in clearcuts; rather, our results suggest that lower prey abundance was linked to nest abandonment in harsh weather and reduced both the number and quality of offspring in those habitats.


2006 ◽  
Vol 148 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Scott Johnson ◽  
Jessica L. Brubaker ◽  
Emilene Ostlind ◽  
Susan L. Balenger

Behaviour ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 153 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica S. Bonderud ◽  
Nancy J. Flood ◽  
Jonathan D. Van Hamme ◽  
Cameron A. W. Boyda ◽  
Matthew W. Reudink

Sex allocation theory predicts that females should bias the sex ratio of their offspring in response to differences in the reproductive value of sons versus daughters. Consistent with this prediction, females of many species appear to bias offspring sex ratios in response to mate attractiveness and condition. Male mountain bluebirds (Sialia currucoides) display full body UV-blue structural plumage colouration, which is associated with attractiveness, condition, and reproductive success. Over four breeding seasons, we found females paired with more colourful males produced increasingly male-biased broods and provisioned offspring at a higher rate. Surprisingly, however, we also found females with duller plumage and those mated to first-year males produced more male-biased broods. These results provide support for sex allocation in mountain bluebirds and suggest female reproductive decisions may be influenced by the attractiveness of her mate. However, this system is clearly complex and more work is needed to understand the roles of male age and female colouration in the signalling systems of mountain bluebirds.


Author(s):  
Mark Erno Hauber

Hosts of obligate avian brood parasites can diminish or eliminate the costs of parasitism by rejecting foreign eggs from the nests. A vast literature demonstrates that visual and/or tactile cues can be used to recognize and reject natural or model eggs from the nests of diverse host species. However, data on olfaction-based potential egg recognition cues are both sparse and equivocal: experimentally-applied, naturally-relevant (heterospecific, including parasitic) scents do not appear to increase egg rejection rates in two host species, whereas unnatural scents (human and tobacco scents) do so in one host species. Here I assessed the predictions that (i) human handling of mimetically-painted model eggs would increase rejection rates, and (ii) applying unnatural or natural scents to mimetically or non-mimetically painted model eggs alters these eggs’ respective rejection rates relative to controls. I studied wild American Robins (Turdus migratorius), a robust rejecter species of the eggs of obligate brood parasitic Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater). There was no statistical evidence to support either prediction, whereas poorer color-mimicry was still a predicted cause of greater egg rejection in this data set. Nonetheless, future studies could focus on this and other host species and using these and different methods to apply and maintain the scenting of model eggs to more directly test hosts’ use of potential olfactory cues in the foreign-egg rejection process.


2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 670-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian D. Peer ◽  
Michael J. Kuehn ◽  
Stephen I. Rothstein ◽  
Robert C. Fleischer

The fate of host defensive behaviour in the absence of selection from brood parasitism is critical to long-term host–parasite coevolution. We investigated whether New World Bohemian waxwings Bombycilla garrulus that are allopatric from brown-headed cowbird Molothrus ater and common cuckoo Cuculus canorus parasitism have retained egg rejection behaviour. We found that egg rejection was expressed by 100 per cent of Bohemian waxwings. Our phylogeny revealed that Bohemian and Japanese waxwings Bombycilla japonica were sister taxa, and this clade was sister to the cedar waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum . In addition, there was support for a split between Old and New World Bohemian waxwings. Our molecular clock estimates suggest that egg rejection may have been retained for 2.8–3.0 Myr since New World Bohemian waxwings inherited it from their common ancestor with the rejecter cedar waxwings. These results support the ‘single trajectory’ model of host–brood parasite coevolution that once hosts evolve defences, they are retained, forcing parasites to become more specialized over time.


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