PENERAPAN PEWARNA ALAMI BIJI ALPUKAT PADA KAIN KATUN

ABSTRAKBiji alpukat dapat diekstrak menjadi zat warna alam karena mengandung senyawa tanin yang dapat menimbulkan warna cokelat atau kecokelatan. Kelemahan zat warna alam dalam proses pewarnaan tekstil yakni memiliki ketahanan luntur yang rendah. Oleh karena itu, pada proses pencelupan bahan tekstil dengan zat warna alam dibutuhkan proses fiksasi agar warna memiliki ketahanan luntur yang baik. Pewarna alami dari biji alpukat telah diterapkan pada kain katun. Ketahanan luntur pewarna alami telah diuji dengan memvariasikan massa tawas sebagai bahan fiksasi terhadap nilai perubahan intensitas cahaya pada air residu hasil pencucian kain katun. Perlakuan menggunakan variasi massa tawas 10g hingga 60g dengan waktu pencelupan selama 10 menit. Desain penelitian terdiri dari ekstraksi biji alpukat sebagai sumber zat warna alam, mordanting dan pencelupan kain katun ke dalam larutan zat warna, fiksasi kain katun, dan pengujian ketahanan luntur warna pada kain katun menggunakan luxmeter setelah pencucian menggunakan air biasa dan air deterjen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sampel yang menggunakan massa tawas 60g menghasilkan tingkat kelunturan warna paling kecil dengan nilai perubahan intensitas cahaya 9,58lux pada hasil pencucian dengan air biasa dan 3,11lux pada hasil pencucian dengan air deterjen. Semakin tinggi massa tawas yang digunakan sebagai bahan fiksasi pada kain katun, maka pewarna alami biji alpukat memiliki ketahanan luntur yang semakin baik. Penggunaan sampel tawas 60g sebagai bahan fiksasi efektif dalam menjaga ketahanan luntur pewarna alami biji alpukat pada kain katun. Kata kunci: Biji Alpukat; Kain Katun; Pewarna Alami; Tawas. ABSTRACTAvocado seeds could be extracted into natural dyes because they contained of tannin. Tannin as a dyes substances would cause brown or brownish color. The weakness of natural dyes in the textile dyeing process that has a low fade resistance. Therefore, the dyeing process of textile materials with natural dyes were needed fixation process in order that color had a well fade resistance. The natural dyes from avocado seeds had been applicated on cotton textile. The fade resistance of natural dyes had been tested by varying the mass of Al2(SO4)3as a fixation to the value of light intensity difference on the residue water of the cotton textile washing. The treatment used the mass variation of 10g to 60g Al2(SO4)3by dyeing for 10 minutes. The study design consisted of avocado seeds extraction as a source of natural dyes, mordanting of cotton textile, dyeing of cotton textile in a dye solution, fixation of cotton textile and test the fade resistance of natural dyes on cotton textile using a luxmeter after washing by water and detergent solution. The results showed that the sample used a mass of 60g Al2(SO4)3produced the smallest color fade degree with the value of light intensity difference on the residue water was 9.58lux of washing by water and 3.11lux of washing by detergent solution. The higher mass of Al2(SO4)3was used as fixation on cotton textile, the natural dyes of avocado seeds had a better fade resistance. The using of 60g Al2(SO4)3sample as a fixation material was effective for kept the fade resistance of natural dyes from avocado seeds on cotton textile. Keywords: Avocado Seeds; Cotton Textile; Natural Dyes.

Determination of suitable traveller for definite yarn count: A comparative study

The traveller imparts twist to the yarn and enables winding of the yarn on the cop. Yarn quality parameters can be improved by proper traveller weight selection which results in reducing yarn breakage, mass variation, twist variation and hairiness. High contact pressure (up to 35N/mm) is generated between the ring travellers during winding, mainly due to centrifugal force the pressure includes strong frictional forces which in turn lead to significant generation of heat. This is the kernel of the ring/ traveller problem. The low mass of the traveller does not permit dissipation of the generated heat in the short time available. Uster Evenness Tester 5 was used to determine the yarn properties such as unevenness, percentage, imperfection index, hairiness, standard variation of hairiness. Traveller number 5/0 was the best for card 30 Ne compare between traveller number 4/0 Most preeminence fact is that, the traveller speed remained same both for 5/0 and 4/0.

USE OF PHOSPHORIC ACID AS BIOADSORBENT ACTIVATOR OF KETAPANG LEAVES (Terminalia sp.) TO REDUCE RHODAMINE B CONTAMINANTS

Ketapang contains tannin and phenolic compounds which are known to absorb metals and pollutants in the air. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the biadsorbent from ketapang leaves (Terminalia sp.) on the adsorption of Rhodamine B dye without activation and with activation by 10% phosphoric acid. The study began with testing the variation of mass, time, and concentration of Rhodamine B by ketapang leaves. Then the adsorption process was carried out using a batch system and the concentration of the filtrate was measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Followed by the isotherm analysis of Freundlich and Langmuir. The results showed that the bioadsorbent ability of ketapang leaves without activation or with activation by 10% H3PO4 in terms of mass variation, contact time, and Rhodamine B concentration were 300 mg, contact time was 90 & 120 minutes, and Rhodamine B concentration was 10 mg/l. - 30 mg/l. The maximum bioadsorbent capacity of ketapang leaves (Qm) without activation was 3.7037 mg/g, while that of ketapang leaves with phosphoric acid activation was 1.0673 mg/g. The adsorption model used by the ketapang leaf bioadsorbent is the Freundlich isotherm where the R2 value close to 1 is 0.9573.

Non-Radial Pulsations of Distorted Stellar Structures: Effect of Mass Variation

Eigen-frequencies (EF) of non–radial modes (NRM) of pulsations of differentially rotating (D R) and tidally distorted (T D) stellar models by considering the effect of mass variation (MV) on its equi-potentials surfaces inside a star. The method utilizes an averaging proposal of Kippenhahn and Thomas (K and T) with conjunction of the concept of Roche-equipotential. The study accolades and corrects earlier studies of non-radial (NR) pulsations of DR and TD stellar structures of different natures such as radial and non-radial oscillations, X-ray, gamma ray and other electromagnetic disturbances. The reflection of the work comes from the requirements of the inclusion of non-uniform densities that yield Lane-Emden equation to have reliable results up to second order disturbances.

Convergent evolution of a genomic rearrangement may explain cancer resistance in hystrico- and sciuromorpha rodents

The rodents of hystricomorpha and sciuromorpha suborders exhibit remarkably lower incidence of cancer. The underlying genetic basis remains obscure. We report a convergent evolutionary split of human 3p21.31, a locus hosting a large number of tumour-suppressor genes (TSGs) and frequently deleted in several tumour types, in hystrico- and sciuromorphs. Analysis of 34 vertebrate genomes revealed that the synteny of 3p21.31 cluster is functionally and evolutionarily constrained in most placental mammals, but exhibit large genomic interruptions independently in hystricomorphs and sciuromorphs, owing to relaxation of underlying constraints. Hystrico- and sciuromorphs, therefore, escape from pro-tumorigenic co-deletion of several TSGs in cis. The split 3p21.31 sub-clusters gained proximity to proto-oncogene clusters from elsewhere, which might further nullify pro-tumorigenic impact of copy number variations due to co-deletion or co-amplification of genes with opposing effects. The split of 3p21.31 locus coincided with the accelerated rate of its gene expression and the body mass evolution of ancestral hystrico- and sciuromorphs. The genes near breakpoints were associated with the traits specific to hystrico- and sciuromorphs, implying adaptive significance. We conclude that the convergently evolved chromosomal interruptions of evolutionarily constrained 3p21.31 cluster might have impacted evolution of cancer resistance, body mass variation and ecological adaptations in hystrico- and sciuromorphs.

Climate Warming Impacts on Distributions of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) Seed Zones and Seed Mass across Russia in the 21st Century

Research highlights: We investigated bioclimatic relationships between Scots pine seed mass and seed zones/climatypes across its range in Russia using extensive published data to predict seed zones and seed mass distributions in a changing climate and to reveal ecological and genetic components in the seed mass variation using our 40-year common garden trial data. Introduction: seed productivity issues of the major Siberian conifers in Asian Russia become especially relevant nowadays in order to compensate for significant forest losses due to various disturbances during the 20th and current centuries. Our goals were to construct bioclimatic models that predict the seed mass of major Siberian conifers (Scots pine, one of the major Siberian conifers) in a warming climate during the current century. Methods: Multi-year seed mass data were derived from the literature and were collected during field work. Climate data (January and July data and annual precipitation) were derived from published reference books on climate and climatic websites. Our multiple regression bioclimatic models were constructed based on the climatic indices of growing degree days > 5 °C, negative degree days < 0 °C, and annual moisture index, which were calculated from January and July temperatures and annual precipitation for both contemporary and future climates. The future 2080 (2070–2100) January and July temperatures and annual precipitation anomalies were derived from the ensemble of twenty CMIP5 (the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 5) global circulation models (GCMs) and two scenarios using a mild RCP (Representative Concentration Pathway) 2.6 scenario and an extreme RCP 8.5 scenario. Results: Site climate explained about 70% of the seed mass variation across the Scots pine range. Genetic components explained 30% of the seed mass variation, as per the results from our common garden experiment in south central Siberia. Seed mass varied within 3.5 g (min) and 10.5 g (max) with the mean 6.1 g (n = 1150) across Russia. Our bioclimatic seed mass model predicted that a July temperature elevated by 1 °C increased seed mass by 0.56 g, and a January temperature elevated by 5 °C increased seed mass by 0.43 g. The seed mass would increase from 1 g to 4 g in the moderate RCP 2.6 and the extreme RCP 8.5 climates, respectively. Predicted seed zones with heavier seed would shift northwards in a warming climate. However, the permafrost border would halt this shifting due to slower permafrost thawing; thus, our predicted potential for Scots pine seed zones and seed mass would not be realized in the permafrost zone in a warmed climate. Our common garden experiment in central Siberia showed that trees of northerly origins produced lighter seeds than local trees but heavier ones than the trees at the original site. Trees of southerly origins produced heavier seeds than local trees but lighter seeds than the trees at the original site. Conclusions: The findings from this study could serve as blueprints for predicting new landscapes with climatic optima for Pinus sylvestris to produce better quality seeds to adjust to a warming climate.

Based on Robust Sliding Mode and Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Control for Attitude of Quadrotor Load UAV

In this paper, a mass adaptive control method combining robust sliding mode control (SMC) and linear active disturbance rejection control (LADRC) is designed for the quadrotor load unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with mass variation. The scheme combines the advantages of SMC and LADRC. SMC can enhance the robustness of the controller, improve the anti-disturbance performance and overcome the problem of low control precision caused by bandwidth limitation of LADRC. The linear extended state observer (LESO) can estimate the external and internal disturbances of the system in real time, and then compensate the total disturbance through the PD controller. In order to simplify parameter setting, adaptive control is introduced in LADRC to adjust controller parameters in real time. In addition, adaptive law is also used to control the mass variation of the quadrotor. Then the stability of the whole system is verified by Lyapunov stability theory. Finally, the comparison with LADRC shows the superiority of the designed scheme, which can track the reference signal stably and effectively.