HISTOCHEMICAL DISTRIBUTION OF SOME HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES IN THE PLACENTA, FOETAL MEMBRANES AND UTERINE MUCOSA OF THE MOUSE

1968 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-NP ◽  
Author(s):  
V. BOTTE ◽  
S. TRAMONTANA ◽  
G. CHIEFFI
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Histochemical Reaction ◽  
Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases ◽  
Foetal Membranes ◽  
Uterine Mucosa ◽  
Endodermal Cells ◽  
Yolk Sac Placenta

SUMMARY The placenta, foetal membranes and uterine mucosa of mice (pregnant for 8–17 days) have been investigated by histochemical methods for NAD-dependent 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSDH), and for NAD-and NADP-dependent 17α- and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17α- and 17β-HSDH), 11α- and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11α- and 11β-HSDH), and 20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20β-HSDH). 3β-HSDH was found to be distributed in the trophoblastic giant cells of the first generation with both pregnenolone and DHA as substrates, and in the giant cells of the second generation and of the labyrinth and the endodermal cells of the inverted yolk sac placenta, but only with DHA as substrate. 17α-HSDH and 17β-HSDH, NAD-dependent, were present in both the first and second generation giant cells and in the giant cells of the labyrinth as well as in the endodermal cells of the inverted yolk sac placenta. With NADP as cofactor, 17α-HSDH and 17β-HSDH were weakly positive with all the substrates used in the giant cells of the second generation and of the labyrinth, while NADP-dependent 17β-HSDH was present in the first generation giant cells and in the endodermal cells of the inverted yolk sac placenta but only with oestradiol-17β as substrate. The histochemical reaction for 11α-HSDH, both NAD- and NADP-dependent, was limited to trophoblastic giant cells of the second generation and of the labyrinth; 11β-HSDH, both NAD- and NADP- dependent, was distributed in the giant cells of the second generation and of the labyrinth, the epithelial cells of the uterine mucosa and the decidua basalis. The histochemical reaction for 20β-HSDH, NAD- and NADP-dependent, was weakly positive in the giant cells of the first generation only.

HISTOCHEMICAL DISTRIBUTION OF 3β-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE AND 17α- AND 17β-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES IN THE PLACENTA AND FOETAL MEMBRANES OF THE RAT

1966 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. BOTTE ◽  
G. MATERAZZI ◽  
G. CHIEFFI
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases ◽  
Foetal Membranes ◽  
Endodermal Cells ◽  
First And Second Generation ◽  
Yolk Sac Placenta

SUMMARY The placenta and the foetal membranes of rats (pregnant 5–21 days) have been assayed by histochemical methods for 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSDH), NAD-dependent, and 17α- and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17α- and 17β-HSDH), both NAD and NADP-dependent. 3β-HSDH was limited to the trophoblastic giant cells of the first generation, whereas 17α- and 17β-HSDH were present in both the first- and second-generation giant cells and also in the endodermal cells of the inverted yolk sac placenta.

Visualization of Antibody Transport in Rat Visceral Yolk-Sac Placenta

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 246-247
Author(s):  
William P. Jollie
Keyword(s):  
Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Visceral Yolk Sac ◽  
Antibody Complex ◽  
Cytochemical Reaction ◽  
Hind Foot ◽  
Antigen Antibody ◽  
Yolk Sac Placenta

A technique has been developed for visualizing antibody against horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in rat visceral yolk sac, the placental membrane across which passive immunity previously has been shown to be transferred from mother to young just prior to birth. Female rats were immunized by injecting both hind foot pads with 1 mg HRP emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant. They were given a booster of 0.5mg HRP in 0.1 ml normal saline i.v. after one week, then bred and autopsied at selected stages of pregnancy, viz., 12, 1 7 and 22 days post coitum, receiving a second booster, injected as above, five days before autopsy. Yolk sacs were removed surgically and fixed immediately in 2% paraformaldehye, 1% glutaraldehye in 0.1 M phosphate buffer with 0.01% CaCl2 at pH 7.4, room temperature, for 3 hr, rinsed 3X in 0.1 M phosphate buffer plus 5% sucrose, then exposed to 1 mg HRP in 1 ml 0.1 M phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 for 1 hr. They were refixed in aldehydes, as above, for 1 5 min (to assure binding of antigen-antibody complex). Following buffer washes, the tissues were incubated in 3 mg diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride and 0.01% H2O2 in 0.05 M Tris-HCl buffer for 30 min. After brief buffer washes, they were postfixed in 2% OsO4. in phosphate buffer at pH 7.4, 4°C for 2 hr, dehydrated through a graded series of ethanols, and embedded in Durcupan. Thin sections were observed and photographed without contrast-enhancement with heavy metals. Cytochemical reaction product marked the site of HRP (i.e., antigen) which, in turn, was present only where it was bound with anti-HRP antibody.

Do remittances differ depending on migration pathway and length of stay?

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-118
Author(s):  
Anita Pugliese ◽  
Julie Ray ◽  
Neli Esipova
Keyword(s):  
Length Of Stay ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Migration Pathway ◽  
First Generation Migrants ◽  
Second Generation Migrants

This paper reports the results from Gallup’s global analysis of the likelihood of first-generation migrants, second-generation migrants and the native-born to send financial help in the form of money or goods to others inside or outside their respective country of residence. The findings in this paper are based on more than 450,000 interviews conducted through Gallup’s World Poll in 157 countries in 2012, 2013 and 2014. The sample includes more than 26,000 first-generation migrants and more than 20,000 second-generation migrants. The large sample enables Gallup to analyze first-generation migrants by the duration of their stay in their adopted country and compare their remittance behaviors with second-generation migrants and the native-born.

Marcuse and Habermas's Political Ideas in English

2019 ◽  
pp. 215
Author(s):  
Asaad Abdullwahab AbdulKarim ◽  
Waleed Massaher Hamad ◽  
Salah Ibrahim Hamadi
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Frankfurt School ◽  
Western Thought ◽  
Political Ideas ◽  
Important Impact

Abstract     The Frankfurt School is characterized by its critical nature and it is the result of the Marxist socialist thought as it contributed to the development of the German thought in particular and the Western thought in general through important ideas put forward by a number of pioneers in the various generations of the school and most notably through the leading pioneer in the first generation, Marcuse, and the leading pioneer of the second  generation, Habermas, whose political ideas had an important impact on global thinking and later became the basis of the attic of many critical ideas. In spite of the belief of the school members in the idea of the criticism of power and community, each had his own ideas that distinguish him from the others.

Pharmakotherapie update

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-32
Author(s):  
Gerd Laux
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Therapeutische Maßnahmen ◽  
Second Generation Antipsychotics

Für die Therapie schizophrener Erkrankungen sind seit fast 60 Jahren Antipsychotika/Neuroleptika aufgrund ihrer antipsychotischen Wirkung von zentraler Bedeutung. Die Einteilung kann unter verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten erfolgen (chemische Struktur, neuroleptische Potenz, Rezeptorprofil), heute werden üblicherweise unterschieden typische (traditionelle, klassische, konventionelle) Antipsychotika der ersten Generation ‒ »First Generation Antipsychotics« (FGA) ‒ und sog. atypische (»neuere«) Neuroleptika bzw. Antipsychotika der zweiten Generation ‒»Second Generation Antipsychotics« (SGA). Hierzu zählen Aripiprazol, Asenapin, Cariprazin, Clozapin, Olanzapin, Quetiapin, Risperidon, Sertindol und Ziprasidon. Hierbei handelt es sich um keine homogene Gruppe – sowohl neuropharmakologisch (Wirkmechanismus), als auch hinsichtlich klinischem Wirkprofil und dem Nebenwirkungsspektrum bestehen z. T. erhebliche Unterschiede. Neben der Akut-Medikation ist eine Langzeitmedikation bzw. Rezidivprophylaxe mit Antipsychotika für die Rehabilitation vieler schizophrener Patienten im Sinne eines »Stresspuffers« von grundlegender Bedeutung. In Placebo-kontrollierten Studien trat bei Patienten, die über ein Jahr behandelt wurden, bei etwa 30% unter Neuroleptika ein Rezidiv auf, unter Placebo bei mehr als 70%. Für die Langzeitbehandlung bietet sich der Einsatz von Depot-Neuroleptika an, neu entwickelt wurden Langzeit-Depot-Injektionen mit Intervallen von bis zu 3 Monaten. Grundsätzlich ist die niedrigstmögliche (wirksame) Dosis zu verwenden. Im Zentrum der Nebenwirkungen (UAW) standen lange Zeit extrapyramidal-motorische Bewegungsstörungen (EPMS), mit der Einführung von Clozapin und anderen atypischen Antipsychotika der zweiten Generation gewannen andere Nebenwirkungen an Bedeutung. Hierzu zählen Gewichtszunahme, Störungen metabolischer Parameter und ein erhöhtes Risiko für Mortalität und zerebrovaskuläre Ereignisse bei älteren Patienten mit Demenz. Entsprechende Kontrolluntersuchungen sind erforderlich, für Clozapin gibt es aufgrund seines Agranulozytose-Risikos Sonderbestimmungen. Immer sollte ein Gesamtbehandlungsplan orientiert an der neuen S3-Praxisleitlinie Schizophrenie der DGPPN aufgestellt werden, der psychologische und milieu-/sozial-therapeutische Maßnahmen einschließt. Standard ist heute auch eine sog. Psychoedukation, für Psychopharmaka liegen bewährte Patienten-Ratgeber vor.

The Inheritors’ Coming of Age

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Schimpfössl
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Coming Of Age ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Privileged Status ◽  
The Rich

Chapter 7 focuses on the upbringing of the second generation of the Russian bourgeoisie. As the first generation of wealthy Russians grows older, they are becoming more aware of their own mortality and are preparing to hand over their wealth to the next generation. It seems that rich Russians are yet to find a convincing narrative to justify their children’s legitimate entitlement to wealth that does not contradict their own everyday ideology of being self-made. Nevertheless, a two-pronged approach is emerging. First, in line with the shift toward new modesty, children are being encouraged to cultivate a habitus of privilege, as Sherman suggests in the case with wealthy US Americans, which makes them appear morally worthy in an environment marked by extreme inequality. Second, via their philanthropy the rich are supporting institutions and scholars in an effort to strengthen a dynamic capitalist environment in which privileged status is respected.

Structure of the paraplacenta and the yolk sac placenta of the viviparous Australian sharpnose shark, Rhizoprionodon taylori

Placenta ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 11-22
Author(s):  
Alice L. Buddle ◽  
James U. Van Dyke ◽  
Michael B. Thompson ◽  
Colin A. Simpfendorfer ◽  
Christopher R. Murphy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Yolk Sac Placenta
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