EFFECT OF α-MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONE AND OVARIAN STEROIDS ON PREPUTIAL GLAND FUNCTION IN THE FEMALE RAT

1981 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. DONOHOE ◽  
A. J. THODY ◽  
S. SHUSTER
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Hormones ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Preputial Gland ◽  
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Experienced Male ◽  
Hypophysectomized Rats ◽  
Gland Function ◽  
Preputial Glands

Sexually experienced male rats were used to test the attractiveness of preputial gland odours of female rats. The male rats showed a clear preference for the preputial gland odours of hypophysectomized females given oestradiol benzoate (OB) for 3 or 8 days to those of control rats. Progesterone treatment had no effect on the attractiveness of the preputial gland odours of OB-treated hypophysectomized female rats. Administration of α-MSH for either 3 or 8 days, on the other hand, increased the attractiveness to male rats of preputial gland odours of OB-treated hypophysectomized females and the presence of progesterone produced no further change. When administered alone α-MSH had no effect on the attractiveness of the preputial gland odours. Other pituitary hormones, such as ACTH and prolactin, had no effect on the attractiveness of preputial gland odours of OB-treated hypophysectomized rats when administered for 3[unk]days. An increase in preputial gland size was only seen when OB, progesterone and α-MSH were administered together. It would appear that no relationship exists between the size of the preputial glands and their ability to attract male rats. It is concluded that, while α-MSH and progesterone may be important in controlling growth of the preputial glands, an interaction between α-MSH and oestrogen is more important for regulating the production of sex attractants by the preputial glands.

EFFECT OF OVARIAN STEROIDS ON PREPUTIAL GLAND ODOURS IN THE FEMALE RAT

1978 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. THODY ◽  
H. DIJKSTRA
Keyword(s):  
Single Injection ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Ovariectomized Rats ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Preputial Gland ◽  
Intact Female ◽  
Oestradiol Benzoate ◽  
Experienced Male

Sexually experienced male rats were used to test for whole body and preputial gland odours of female rats. The male rats clearly preferred whole body odours of intact female rats to those of preputialectomized female rats. The male rats also preferred the odour of preputial gland tissue of intact female rats to that of ovariectomized female rats and were especially attracted to the preputial gland odours of female rats in pro-oestrus and oestrus. The preputial gland odours of ovariectomized rats that had received oestradiol benzoate for 7 days were attractive to male rats, although similar treatment with progesterone was ineffective. However, a single injection of progesterone given 72 h after a single injection of oestradiol benzoate not only made ovariectomized rats receptive, but also made their preputial gland odours attractive to male rats. The results suggest that the preputial gland of the female rat is responsible for odours that serve to attract sexually experienced male rats. Ovarian steroids, as well as controlling receptivity in the female rat, would also appear to control the production of sex attractants in the preputial gland. There was no relationship between the size of the preputial glands and their ability to attract male rats which suggests that preputial gland growth and production of sex attractants are not under the same hormonal control.

CONTROL OF SEBACEOUS GLAND FUNCTION IN THE RAT BY α-MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONE

1975 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. THODY ◽  
S. SHUSTER
Keyword(s):  
Sebaceous Gland ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Preputial Gland ◽  
Simultaneous Treatment ◽  
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Gland Weight ◽  
Hypophysectomized Rats ◽  
Gland Function ◽  
Sebum Secretion ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

SUMMARY The effect of α-MSH on sebum secretion and preputial gland weight was examined in intact, castrated and hypophysectomized male rats and in hypophysectomized rats receiving treatment with either testosterone propionate (TP) or progesterone. After treatment with α-MSHMSH for 2 weeks, increases in sebum secretion occurred in intact, castrated and hypophysectomized rats, but larger responses were found in the hypophysectomized rats that had received treatment with either TP or progesterone, suggesting that α-MSH acts synergistically with TP and progesterone to stimulate sebum secretion. α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone also increased preputial gland weight in intact rats, but there was no response after castration and only a small response after hypophysectomy. However, when the hypophysectomized rats received simultaneous treatment with either TP or progesterone, α-MSH increased preputial gland weight. It is suggested that α-MSH acts directly on the sebaceous glands to stimulate lipogenesis and, together with steroid hormones, may have an important role in controlling sebaceous gland function in the rat and other hairy mammals. With the evolution of hair, certain of the MSH peptides may have lost their significance as pigmentary hormones and have developed a sebotrophic function. For this reason, it might be more appropriate to refer to these peptides as the 'sebotrophins'.

scholarly journals Sex-dependent expression and growth hormone regulation of class alpha and class mu glutathione S-transferase mRNAs in adult rat liver

1993 ◽  
Vol 294 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
P K Srivastava ◽  
D J Waxman
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Continuous Infusion ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Gh Treatment ◽  
Adult Rat ◽  
Hypophysectomized Rats

The sex-dependent expression and growth hormone (GH) regulation of rat liver glutathione S-transferase (GST) was examined using oligonucleotide probes that distinguish between closely related class Alpha (Ya1, Ya2, Yc) and class Mu (Yb1, Yb2, Yb3) GST mRNAs [Waxman, Sundseth, Srivastava and Lapenson (1992) Cancer Res. 52, 5797-5802]. Northern-blot analysis revealed that the steady-state levels of GST Ya1, Yb1 and Yb2 mRNAs are 2.5-3-fold higher in male as compared with female rat liver. In contrast, GST Yc and Ya2 mRNAs were expressed at a 2-3-fold higher level in female rat liver. Microsomal GST mRNA did not exhibit significant sex-dependent differences in rat liver. Treatment of male rats with GH by continuous infusion suppressed expression of the male-dominant GST Ya1, Yb1 and Yb2 mRNAs to levels at or below those found in female rat liver. This suppressive effect of GH was liver-specific, insofar as GH treatment did not alter kidney GST Ya1 mRNA levels. Hypophysectomy increased expression of the male-dominant GSTs, particularly in female rats (e.g. 8-fold elevation of GST Ya1 mRNA). GST Yc mRNA was increased approx. 2-fold in hypophysectomized males, indicating that this mRNA is subject to negative regulation by one or more pituitary-dependent factors. Continuous GH treatment of the hypophysectomized rats suppressed the expression of mRNA of GSTs Ya1, Yb1 and Yb2 when given as a continuous infusion, but not when given by an intermittent (twice daily) GH-injection schedule. Combination of continuous exposure to GH with thyroxine treatment resulted in a more complete suppression of GSTs Ya1, Yb1 and Yb2. In contrast, thyroxine increased the expression of GST Yc in hypophysectomized rats. These studies establish that several Alpha and Mu class GSTs are expressed in a sex-dependent fashion in adult rat liver, where they are regulated by multiple pituitary-dependent hormones through pretranslational mechanisms.

ENDOCRINE REGULATION OF SEX-DEPENDENT HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITIES IN RAT KIDNEY: NADP-DEPENDENT MICROSOMAL 3α- AND 20β-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE

1977 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. GHRAF ◽  
E. R. LAX ◽  
W. WAGNER ◽  
H. SCHRIEFERS
Keyword(s):  
Rat Kidney ◽  
Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Normal Female ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Endocrine Regulation ◽  
Hypophysectomized Rats ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

SUMMARY The NADP-dependent microsomal kidney enzymes, 3α- and 20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSDH), which exhibit considerable sex differences in their activities (male: female activity ratios, 16:1 and 30:1 respectively), were investigated after interference with the pituitary–gonad and pituitary–adrenal systems. Prepubertal gonadectomy as well as hypophysectomy of mature male rats led to a decline in HSDH activity to almost that found in the normal female rat, whereas activities in female rats were unaffected. Testosterone induced typical male 3α-HSDH activity in both gonadectomized and hypophysectomized rats of either sex. Administration of 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT) or 5α-androstane-3α, 17β-diol to hypophysectomized male rats was equally effective in restoring full 3α- and 20β-HSDH activities whereas 5α-androstane-3β, 17β-diol was less effective and dehydroepiandrosterone was ineffective. Simultaneous administration of cyproterone acetate did not block the inductive action of 5α-DHT. Administration of chorionic gonadotrophin, pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin or a combination of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone to hypophysectomized male rats all led to parallel increases in the weight of the seminal vesicles and in both renal enzyme activities; administration of growth hormone, prolactin or thyroid-stimulating hormone was ineffective. Adrenalectomy of gonadectomized, but not of hypophysectomized male rats, caused a further drop in activity to the normal female level. Adrenalectomy of otherwise intact rats did not affect either enzyme activity. The hypophysis was involved in the regulation of the two NADP-dependent renal HSDH activities through its gonadotrophic function in male rats; adrenal secretions were of little physiological significance.

Induction of prolactin receptors in the liver is more closely related to the growth-promoting than to the lactogenic potency of peptides

1987 ◽  
Vol 114 (3) ◽  
pp. 350-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Norstedt ◽  
B. Husman ◽  
A. Mode ◽  
P. Eneroth ◽  
U.J. Lewis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Mature Female ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Hypophysectomized Rats ◽  
Liver Membranes ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Rat Livers

Abstract. The sex differentiated binding 125I-human prolactin (PRL) to rat liver membranes was studied and the present results extend our previous studies on induction of hepatic PRL receptors by growth hormone (GH). In prepubertal female rats, PRL receptor levels are low compared with those in mature female rat livers. Infusion of hGH during one week to 17-day-old female rats resulted in a receptor level typical of adult female rats. The time course of receptor disappearance in male rats treated with hGH was also studied. When the receptor-inducing hormone was removed, receptor levels in hGH-treated male rats returned to the normal level characteristic of male rats after approximately 96 h. The specificity of various GH-like and PRL-like hormones in PRL receptor induction was studied in hypophysectomized rats. The PRL-like hormones were identified by measuring their potency to displace 125I-hPRL from a receptor preparation obtained from female rat livers, and the GH-like hormones were identified by their potency to increase body weight in hypophysectomized rats. Using similar doses of hormones it was found that in vivo administration of growth-promoting peptides (rGH, hGH, bGH) induced PRL receptors, whereas lactogenic hormones (rPRL, hPL) had a very small or no effect on PRL receptor induction. This suggests that binding to a type of GH receptor is the first step in PRL receptor induction.

Measurement of lipogenesis in isolated preputial gland cells of the rat and the effect of oestrogen

1986 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Alves ◽  
A. J. Thody ◽  
C. Fisher ◽  
S. Shuster
Keyword(s):  
Gland Cell ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Ovariectomized Rats ◽  
Preputial Gland ◽  
Gland Cells ◽  
Oestradiol Benzoate ◽  
Preputial Glands ◽  
Prior Administration

ABSTRACT Lipogenesis was measured in isolated preputial gland cells of female rats after ovariectomy and after the administration of oestradiol benzoate. Ovariectomy decreased preputial gland cell lipogenesis and also altered the pattern of lipid synthesis, producing a relative decrease in the proportion of polar lipids and an increase in the proportion of 'triglycerides'. Although daily administration of 2 or 10 μg oestradiol benzoate for 7 days produced slight increases in preputial gland cell lipogenesis in ovariectomized rats, the effects were not significant. A single injection of 10 μg oestradiol benzoate, however, produced significant increases in preputial gland cell lipogenesis of ovariectomized rats at both 2 and 24 h and, moreover, at 24 h the pattern of polar lipid and triglyceride labelling was restored to normal. Prior administration of actinomycin D reduced the lipogenic effect of oestradiol benzoate. Oestradiol benzoate had little or no effect on preputial gland cell lipogenesis in male rats. These results confirm that oestrogen is able to stimulate preputial lipogenesis in female rats. Whether this action of oestrogen is related to its pheromone-producing effect on the preputial glands is not yet known. J. Endocr. (1986) 109, 1–7

PRESENCE OF SEX PHEROMONE IN PREPUTIAL GLANDS OF MALE RATS

1975 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. GAWIENOWSKI ◽  
P. J. ORSULAK ◽  
MARIA STACEWICZ-SAPUNTZAKIS ◽  
B. M. JOSEPH
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Liver Fat ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Male Rat ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
Volatile Components ◽  
Preputial Gland ◽  
Specific Fraction ◽  
Preputial Glands

SUMMARY Female rats consistently preferred the odour of male rat preputial gland compared with that of foot pads, submaxillary-sublingual glands, coagulating glands, liver, fat or muscle. Both saline homogenates and ether extracts were effective. Female rats did not respond to the odour of female preputial extract and they preferred the odour of normal male preputial extract to that from castrated rats. The pheromone was not associated with the fatty acids of the preputial extract. The fractionation of the volatile components of preputial extracts by gas chromatography revealed that most of the biological activity resided in a specific fraction.

Multihormonal regulation of hepatic sinusoidalNtcpgene expression

2004 ◽  
Vol 287 (4) ◽  
pp. G782-G794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis R. Simon ◽  
John Fortune ◽  
Mieko Iwahashi ◽  
Ishtiaq Qadri ◽  
Eileen Sutherland
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Pituitary Hormones ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Isolated Rat Hepatocytes ◽  
Hypophysectomized Rats ◽  
Estrogen Administration

Bile acids are efficiently removed from sinusoidal blood by a number of transporters including the Na+-taurocholate-cotransporting polypeptide (Ntcp). Na+-dependent bile salt uptake, as well as Ntcp, are expressed twofold higher in male compared with female rat livers. Also, estrogen administration to male rats decreases Ntcp expression. The aims of this study were to determine the hormonal mechanism(s) responsible for this sexually dimorphic expression of Ntcp. We examined castrated and hypophysectomized rats of both sexes. Sex steroid hormones, growth hormone, thyroid, and glucocorticoids were administered, and livers were examined for changes in Ntcp messenger RNA (mRNA). Ntcp mRNA and protein content were selectively increased in males. Estradiol selectively decreased Ntcp expression in males, whereas ovariectomy increased Ntcp in females, confirming the importance of estrogens in regulating Ntcp. Hypophysectomy decreased Ntcp mRNA levels in males and prevented estrogen administration from decreasing Ntcp, indicating the importance of pituitary hormones. Although constant infusion of growth hormone to intact males reduced Ntcp, its replacement alone after hypophysectomy did not restore the sex differences. In contrast, thyroid hormone and corticosterone increased Ntcp mRNA in hypophysectomized rats. Sex differences in Ntcp mRNA levels were produced only when the female pattern of growth hormone was administered to animals also receiving thyroid and corticosterone. Thyroid and dexamethasone also increased Ntcp mRNA in isolated rat hepatocytes, whereas growth hormone decreased Ntcp. These findings demonstrate the essential role that pituitary hormones play in the sexually dimorphic control of Ntcp expression in adult rat liver and in the mediation of estrogen effects.

Mechanism of action of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in rat preputial glands: the role of androgen metabolism

1982 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Hay ◽  
D. Meddis ◽  
A. J. Thody ◽  
S. Shuster
Keyword(s):  
Reductase Activity ◽  
Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase ◽  
Preputial Gland ◽  
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Hypophysectomized Rats ◽  
Total Lack ◽  
Preputial Glands ◽  
And Control ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

The metabolism of testosterone and 5α-dihydrotestosterone has been studied in vitro in preputial glands of posterior hypophysectomized, totally hypophysectomized and control sham-operated rats. The level of C19 steroid 5α-reductase activity/unit of preputial gland DNA did not fall after removal of the neurointermediate lobe and rose after total hypophysectomy. It was concluded from this that the androgen unresponsiveness of the preputial glands of hypophysectomized rats was not due to a near-total lack of 5α-reductase and hence that the combined synergistic action of testosterone and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) on preputial gland activity was unlikely to be due to an α-MSH-mediated restoration of 5α-reductase levels in hypophysectomized rats. Levels of 3α-and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase but not of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase appeared to be altered by hypophysectomy.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE PITUITARY ON THE RESPONSE OF THE SEBACEOUS AND PREPUTIAL GLANDS OF THE RAT TO PROGESTERONE

1969 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. EBLING ◽  
ERIKA EBLING ◽  
J. SKINNER
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Sebaceous Gland ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Preputial Gland ◽  
Sebaceous Glands ◽  
Gland Weight ◽  
Hypophysectomized Rats ◽  
Sebum Production ◽  
Preputial Glands

SUMMARY Progesterone, given as an implant releasing 0·1–0·2 mg./day for 24 days, failed to increase sebum production or preputial gland weight in castrated or hypophysectomized-castrated male rats. A dose of 10 mg./day in arachis oil also failed to increase sebum production or mitoses in the sebaceous glands, though it increased by 70% preputial gland weight in the presence of the pituitary. Hypophysectomy greatly reduced preputial gland wt, and the response of hypophysectomized rats to 10mg. progesterone/day was much less than when the pituitary was present. A porcine growth hormone preparation, known to facilitate the response of the sebaceous gland to testosterone in the hypophysectomized rat, failed to facilitate the response of the preputial gland to progesterone. It is concluded that 'sebum-permissive' activity (the facilitation of the response of the sebaceous gland to testosterone) may be distinct from ' sebotropic' activity (facilitation of the response of the preputial gland to progesterone), and it is argued that each of these activities may prove to be separable from somatotrophic activity.

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