scholarly journals Elongated Styloid Process: Mapping the incidence in Greek population

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2.2) ◽  
pp. 7994-8000
Author(s):  
Vasilopoulos Anastasios ◽  
◽  
Tsoucalas Gregory ◽  
Thomaidis Vasileios ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Head And Neck ◽  
Steel Wire ◽  
Styloid Process ◽  
Greek Population ◽  
Elongated Styloid Process ◽  
Stylomastoid Foramen ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Eagle Syndrome ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
The Right

Background: Styloid process (SP) is a needle shaped projection of the temporal bone, which lies in close proximity to several important anatomical structures of the head and neck. It attracts the attention of anatomists, otolaryngologists and head and neck surgeons, as an abnormally long SP is linked with a clinical condition known as Eagle Syndrome. There are numerous studies in the literature investigating morphometric characteristics of SP, including its length in different populations. The aim of this study is to investigate the incidence of SP elongation in Greek population and to construct an epidemiologic map showing the incidence of SP elongation across different regions of Greek territory. Materials and methods: Two hundred and nine skulls retrieved from cemeteries across Greece were meticulously examined. Ninety-four male skulls and one-hundred and fifteen females, all of Hellenic origin. SP length was measured from the lowest inner point of the surface between the SP and the stylomastoid foramen to its tip, utilizing a digital caliper and a steel wire. Data from this study were statistically analyzed and combined with data from other studies in Greek population in order to construct a detailed epidemiologic map. Results: The mean length was 27.26 ± 5.89 mm for the left and 27.84 ± 6.31 mm for the right SP. In males 36.4% of the left and 37.8% of the right SP were elongated. In females the incidence of SP elongation was 14.3% and 15.5% for left and right side respectively. Statistically significant association was observed between gender and SP length but not between age and SP length. Conclusion: This study enriches the literature by adding information about elongated SP incidence in Greek population. It reviews the existing studies about SP length in Greeks and presents an epidemiologic map showing the incidence of SP elongation across different regions in Greece. KEY WORDS: Skull, Eagle syndrome, Hellenic population, Elongated Styloid Process.

scholarly journals Eaglov sindrom

2017 ◽  
Vol 86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mladen Gasparini ◽  
Primož Praček ◽  
Jani Muha ◽  
Uroš Tomić
Keyword(s):  
Average Length ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Styloid Process ◽  
Computed Tomographic Angiography ◽  
Measurement Tool ◽  
Computed Tomographic ◽  
Elongated Styloid Process ◽  
Eagle Syndrome ◽  
The Right ◽  
Tomographic Angiography

Background: In the present article we present the characteristics of Eagle syndrome, which is an often overlooked cause of chronic pain in the neck and head. The syndrome is caused by the compression of an elongated styloid process on the adjacent cranial nerves or the carotid arteries. Since there are disparate data in the literature regarding the proportion of people with an elongated styloid process, we conducted a survey to determine the percentage of patients with an elongated styloid process in a group of subjects who underwent computed tomographic imaging of the neck vessels in our institution.Methods: We analyzed the images of 104 patients who were referred to our institution for computed tomographic angiography of the neck between the years 2014 and 2016. With the help of a software measurement tool, we determined the length of the styloid processes and compared the length of the processes on both sides and in both genders. Patients with an elongated styloid process were reviewed for any symptoms of Eagle syndrome.Results: The average age of the reviewed patients was 67.1 years. Both genders were equally represented (51 % men and 49 % women). The average length of the styloid process was 23.8 (7.0) mm, with 23 patients (22.1 %) having a styloid process longer than 30 mm. In one third of those patients the styloid process was elongated bilaterally. There were no differences in the average length of the styloid process between men and women and between the left and the right side. Among patients with an elongated styloid process, only one (4.3 %) had symptoms attributable to the Eagle syndrome.Conclusions: Eagle syndrome should be suspected in a patient with repetitive, dull pain in the throat and neck, which worsens during speaking, chewing or swallowing. The diagnosis is confirmed by computed tomography which could demonstrate an elongated styloid process and exclude other causes for neck pain. With regard to the results of our study, an elongated styloid process is found in a relatively high percentage of patients but the condition is only rarely symptomatic.

scholarly journals Styloid process elongation in a sample of Lebanese population: a consideration for the prevention of Eagle syndrome

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georges Aoun ◽  
Nour Srour ◽  
Abbass El-Outa ◽  
Ibrahim Nasseh
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Styloid Process ◽  
Common Finding ◽  
Panoramic Radiographs ◽  
Elongated Styloid Process ◽  
Lebanese Population ◽  
Eagle Syndrome ◽  
The Right

Background. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence and patterns of styloid process elongation in a general Lebanese population sample. Methods. Digital panoramic radiographs of 489 Lebanese adults (218 males and 271 females, mean age of 47.56 ± 16.149) were included in this retrospective study. First, we screened for detection of elongated styloid process, then we analyzed these cases and classified the elongation types. Data obtained were transformed into SPSS v24 and descriptive and inferential analyses were done.  Results. In our sample, elongated styloid process was seen in 76 cases (15.5%) (45/271 women and 31/218 men). Despite no significant gender predisposition, females were slightly more affected than males (59.2% females to 40.8% males). As for the age, elongation was significantly more likely to be present at 45-64 years of age. The right side was slightly more affected than the left side (86.8% vs. 76.3% respectively), with type 1 elongation as the most common. Nevertheless, bilateral elongation was much more common than unilateral elongation (63.2%). Interestingly, females were more likely to suffer from bilateral elongation (64.58%) compared to men (35.41%). Conclusion. Elongated styloid process represents a common finding detected fortuitously on panoramic radiographs. Therefore, being a main feature in Eagle syndrome, dentists should be aware of this clinical entity and actively screen for it.

scholarly journals P.092 Eagles and Talons: A case of cervical artery dissection from Eagle syndrome and fibromuscular dysplasia

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (s2) ◽  
pp. S40-S40
Author(s):  
S Wasyliw ◽  
G Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Fibromuscular Dysplasia ◽  
Carotid Bifurcation ◽  
Styloid Process ◽  
Artery Dissection ◽  
Cervical Artery Dissection ◽  
Elongated Styloid Process ◽  
Cervical Artery ◽  
Eagle Syndrome ◽  
Computer Tomography Angiography ◽  
The Right

Background: Eagle syndrome (also known as stylohyoid syndrome) and fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) are rare conditions that have both been shown to be associated with cervical artery dissections (CAD). Direct mechanical injury from a neighboring bony fragement can produce arterial dissections and is the proposed mechanism in Eagle syndrome. The etiology of FMD remains unclear, however, similar shearing stresses have been proposed. We present a case in which both of these conditions were present. Methods: Case report Results: A previously healthy 52 year old male presented with an acute left MCA syndrome with computer tomography angiography followed by convensional angiography confirming a complete occlusion of the left ICA at the carotid bifurcation with evidence of a dissection of the proximal cervical carotid artery. Luminal irregularities proximal to the dissection and also of the right ICA were in keeping with fibromuscular dysplasia. A carotid stent was placed and a thrombectomy was performed for a proximal left M2 occlusion. On further review of the CT, the patient had markedly elongated styloid processes bilaterally, meeting criteria for Eagle syndrome. Conclusions: Previous literature has not described these two conditions coexisiting. We question whether chronic mechanical stress from an elongated styloid process could lead to arteries having an irregular or beading appearance resembling fibromuscular dysplasia.

scholarly journals Elongated styloid process in a dry human skull and its relation to the Eagle’s Syndrome: case report and biometrical assessment

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. e961998374
Author(s):  
Jaiurte Gomes Martins da Silva ◽  
Glícia Maria de Oliveira ◽  
Ewerton Fylipe de Araújo Silva ◽  
Adriane Barbosa Fernandes Silva ◽  
Edla Vitória Santos Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Styloid Process ◽  
Eagle’S Syndrome ◽  
Human Skull ◽  
Elongated Styloid Process ◽  
Female Individual ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Anatomical Basis ◽  
The Right

The purpose of the present study was to report a case of an elongated styloid process in a dry human skull and present its biometrical values. The styloid processes of the skull from an 80-year-old Brazilian female individual were inspected and 10 measures were performed bilaterally. Despite small differences between the right and left styloid processes regarding the antero-posterior and lateral-medial widths on the three thirds measured, one must highlight the considerable differences showed on the total length of the styloid process (left side: 65.94; right side: 28.90) and on the length of the sheath of the styloid process, which was of 30.01mm on the left side and it was not acquired on the right side because of its small dimensions.  The paper discusses its findings from an anatomical and clinical perspectives, providing anatomical basis for a better understanding of the Eagle’s syndrome.

Entrapment of the glossopharyngeal nerve in patients with Eagle syndrome: surgical technique and outcomes in a series of 5 patients

2009 ◽  
Vol 111 (6) ◽  
pp. 1226-1230 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Shin ◽  
Sebastian R. Herrera ◽  
Paula Eboli ◽  
Sabri Aydin ◽  
Emad H. Eskandar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Styloid Process ◽  
Glossopharyngeal Nerve ◽  
Surgical Morbidity ◽  
Elongated Styloid Process ◽  
Operative Indications ◽  
Eagle Syndrome ◽  
The Many

Object Eagle syndrome is characterized by unilateral pain in the oropharynx, face, and earlobe, and is caused by an elongated styloid process or ossification of the stylohyoid ligament with associated compression of the glossopharyngeal nerve. The pain syndrome may be successfully treated with surgical intervention that involves resection of the styloid process. Although nerve decompression is routinely considered a neurosurgical intervention, Eagle syndrome and its treatment are not sufficiently examined in the neurosurgical literature. Methods A review was performed of cases of Eagle syndrome treated in the Department of Neurosurgery at the University of Illinois at Chicago Medical Center over the last 7 years. The clinical characteristics, radiographic imaging, operative indications, procedural details, surgical morbidity, and clinical outcomes were collected and analyzed. Results Of the many patients with facial pain treated between 2001 and 2007, 7 were diagnosed with Eagle syndrome, and 5 of these patients underwent resection of the elongated styloid process. There were 4 women and 1 man, ranging in age from 20 to 68 years (mean 43 years). The average duration of disease was 11 years. In all patients, a preoperative workup revealed unilateral or bilateral elongation of the styloid process. All patients underwent resection of the styloid process on the symptomatic side using a lateral transcutaneous approach. There were no surgical complications. All patients experienced pain relief immediately after the operation. At the latest follow-up (average 46 months, range 7 months to 7.5 years) all but 1 patient maintained complete pain relief. In 1 patient, the pain recurred 12 months postoperatively and additional interventions were required. Conclusions Eagle syndrome may be considered an entrapment syndrome of the glossopharyngeal nerve. It is a distinct clinical entity that should be considered when evaluating patients referred for glossopharyngeal neuralgia. The authors' experience indicates that patients with Eagle syndrome may be successfully treated using open resection of the elongated styloid process, which appears to be both safe and effective in terms of long-lasting pain relief.

scholarly journals Internal carotid dissection caused by an elongated styloid process (Eagle syndrome)

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 (jun11 1) ◽  
pp. bcr2013009878-bcr2013009878 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Sveinsson ◽  
N. Kostulas ◽  
L. Herrman
Keyword(s):  
Internal Carotid ◽  
Styloid Process ◽  
Carotid Dissection ◽  
Elongated Styloid Process ◽  
Eagle Syndrome

scholarly journals A Case of a Very Elongated Styloid Process

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 117955061772889
Author(s):  
YaLi Liu ◽  
Huaian Yang ◽  
Xiangguo Cui
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Process ◽  
Styloid Process ◽  
Chief Complaint ◽  
Chinese Woman ◽  
Recurrent Pain ◽  
Elongated Styloid Process ◽  
Frequent Episodes ◽  
Intraoral Approach ◽  
Eagle Syndrome ◽  
Stylohyoid Ligament

Eagle syndrome is characterized by recurrent pain in the oropharynx and face due to an elongated styloid process or calcified stylohyoid ligament. In this article, we experienced a case of an elongated styloid process which is very rare in size and detailed treatment process. The patient was a 53-year-old Chinese woman with a chief complaint of frequent episodes of radiating pain in left preauricular region for 2 years. An intraoral approach was chosen to shorten part of her styloid process, and the chief complaint disappeared immediately after the operation.

scholarly journals Complete Ossification of the Stylohyoid Chain as Cause of Eagle's Syndrome: A Very Rare Case Report

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 500-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antônio Sérgio Guimarães ◽  
Daniel Humberto Pozza ◽  
Idercy Cabral de Castro ◽  
Iván Claudio Suazo Galdames ◽  
Sandro Palla
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Rare Case ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Surgical Excision ◽  
Styloid Process ◽  
Eagle’S Syndrome ◽  
Elongated Styloid Process ◽  
Rare Case Report ◽  
The Right ◽  
Stylohyoid Chain

ABSTRACT Aim To report on a patient with Eagle's syndrome with a complete and very large ossification of the stylohyoid complex on the right side that to our best knowledge has never been published previously. Background Eagle's syndrome is characterized by a set of symptoms that are caused by the irritation of the neurovascular and soft-tissues caused by an elongated styloid process or ossification of stylohyoid ligament. Case description Because of the high discomfort and pain degree as well as limitations of mandibular and head mobility and also the thickness of the ossified stylohyoid chain, the patient was treated surgically by removing the hypertrophic segment. Conclusion These symptoms subsided completely after the surgical excision of the anomaly. The elongated styloid process on the left side was symptom free. Clinical significance Eagle's syndrome symptoms are not specific and can mimic those of other disorders, the syndrome must be included in the differential diagnosis of patients with pain in the orofacial, pharyngeal and cervical area. How to cite this article Guimarães AS, Pozza DH, de Castro IC, Galdames ICS, Palla S. Complete Ossification of the Stylohyoid Chain as Cause of Eagle's Syndrome: A Very Rare Case Report. J Contemp Dent Pract 2014;15(4):500-505.

scholarly journals An Asymptomatic and Overelongated Styloid Process

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emrah Soylu ◽  
Ahmet Altan ◽  
Ahmet Ercan Sekerci ◽  
Nıhat Akbulut
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Rare Condition ◽  
Styloid Process ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Elongated Styloid Process ◽  
Eagle Syndrome

Elongation of the styloid process is a rare condition. Only 4% of patients have clinical symptoms where elongated styloid process (ESP) occasionally irritates or disrupts adjacent anatomical structures, which is called Eagle syndrome. This present report was aimed at reporting an asymptomatic ESP with unusual width and length.

Incidence of the Type and Calcification Patterns in Patients with Elongated Styloid Process

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Ilgüy ◽  
D Ilgüy ◽  
N Güler ◽  
G Bayirli
Keyword(s):  
Styloid Process ◽  
Type I ◽  
Frequent Patterns ◽  
Eagle’S Syndrome ◽  
Radiographic Evidence ◽  
Panoramic Radiographs ◽  
Male Ratio ◽  
Elongated Styloid Process ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right

We investigated the incidence of elongated styloid process (Eagle's syndrome) using panoramic radiographs taken of 860 patients referred to our clinic. Any styloid process identified was classified according to its length, type and the pattern of calcification. Fifty-nine elongated styloid processes were identified in 32 patients (3.7%), most being bilateral; 24 patients were female and eight were male (female/male ratio: 3:1). The mean age of these patients was 43 ± 14 years (range: 18 − 78 years). Type I (elongated) was the most frequent type on both sides (42/59); and the most frequent patterns of calcification were partially calcified on the left side (18/59) and completely calcified on the right side (16/59). Only two patients were symptomatic. A corrected differential diagnosis is important to distinguish elongated styloid process from other pathologies with partially overlapping symptoms. We would recommend that clinicians consider the possibility of Eagle's syndrome when both the clinical and radiographic evidence support this diagnosis.

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