scholarly journals Differentiation of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus Serotypes in Animals in High-Risk Zones of Georgia

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Toklikishvili N ◽  
Tchigitashvili T ◽  
Turmanidze M ◽  
Tigilauri T ◽  
Mamisashvili E ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Fmdv Serotypes ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Risk Zones

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is the most important economic threat to the livestock industry. Outbreaks of FMD can have a devastating impact on livestock production and trade, resulting in significant economic losses in the agricultural sector. As a result, vaccination and containment programs have been implemented internationally to minimize the spread of FMDV. The national vaccination program has been implemented in Georgia since 2012, vaccinating Large Ruminants (LR) and Small Ruminants (SR) with trivalent (A, O, Asia1) vaccine twice annually. However, active seromonitoring surveillance still shows a high seroprevalence of the disease, indicating virus circulation. In this study we attempted to estimate the prevalence of different FMDV serotypes in various risk zones within Georgia. A total of 4991 small and large ruminants were tested for the presence of FMDV nonstructural proteins (NSP) in the blood, and the exact serotypes of positive animals were further investigated through structural protein (SP) based assays. The results show that significant percentages (6.6%) of vaccinated animals were affected by FMD, and those positive animals are usually affected by more than one FMDV serotype. As such, our data call upon a stricter vaccination and monitoring program for FMDV in Georgia, especially considering that due to the geographic location of Georgia, the presence of FMD can have significant impact on transit and can be a threat for other countries as well.

scholarly journals STANDARDIZATION OF MULTIPLEX REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND TYPING OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE VIRUS PREVALENT IN BANGLADESH

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Zinnah ◽  
MT Islam ◽  
MM Rahman ◽  
MT Hossain ◽  
MA Zinnah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Fmdv Serotypes ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Field Samples ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Tongue Epithelium

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a devastating viral disease of cattle that causes severe economic losses in terms of loss of production and calf mortality in Bangladesh. Despite of regular vaccination, outbreak of the disease has become a regular event throughout the country every year. Determination of prevailing serotypes of the causal agent foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is now crucial need for strategic vaccination programme. The present research work was aimed to standardize a multiplex RT-PCR assay typing of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes prevalent among cattle population of Bangladesh. Uniplex and multiplex RT-PCRs were successfully developed and standardized using the extracted RNA of reference FMDV (Type A, O and Asia 1) following adjustment of the concentration of the viral RNA of each serotype, volume of reaction mixture and thermal profile. The mPCR was evaluated on 82 field samples (vesicular fluid, tongue epithelium and tissue from inter-digital space) of the years 2007 and 2008. Of the 82 field samples, 56 (68.29%) were found positive for FMDV. The mPCR successfully differentiated single as well as dual serotypes infection. The serotypes A, O and Asia 1 were confirmed in the samples of the year 2007 and only serotype O in samples of the year 2008. Higher detection rate was found in vesicular fluid (100%) followed by tongue epithelium (79.66%). It may be concluded that the MRT-PCR standardized in this study could be used for detection and differentiation of FMDV serotypes using field samples.DOI = http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v8i2.11199 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2010). 8 (2) : 149-155 

scholarly journals Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) Virus 3C Protease Mutant L127P: Implications for FMD Vaccine Development

2017 ◽  
Vol 91 (22) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Puckette ◽  
Benjamin A. Clark ◽  
Justin D. Smith ◽  
Traci Turecek ◽  
Erica Martel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Luciferase Reporter ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Vaccine Production ◽  
3C Protease ◽  
Fmdv Serotypes ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth

ABSTRACT The foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) afflicts livestock in more than 80 countries, limiting food production and global trade. Production of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines requires cytosolic expression of the FMDV 3C protease to cleave the P1 polyprotein into mature capsid proteins, but the FMDV 3C protease is toxic to host cells. To identify less-toxic isoforms of the FMDV 3C protease, we screened 3C mutants for increased transgene output in comparison to wild-type 3C using a Gaussia luciferase reporter system. The novel point mutation 3C(L127P) increased yields of recombinant FMDV subunit proteins in mammalian and bacterial cells expressing P1-3C transgenes and retained the ability to process P1 polyproteins from multiple FMDV serotypes. The 3C(L127P) mutant produced crystalline arrays of FMDV-like particles in mammalian and bacterial cells, potentially providing a practical method of rapid, inexpensive FMD vaccine production in bacteria. IMPORTANCE The mutant FMDV 3C protease L127P significantly increased yields of recombinant FMDV subunit antigens and produced virus-like particles in mammalian and bacterial cells. The L127P mutation represents a novel advancement for economical FMD vaccine production.

scholarly journals Structural and molecular basis for foot-and-mouth disease virus neutralization by two potent protective antibodies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hu Dong ◽  
Pan Liu ◽  
Manyuan Bai ◽  
Kang Wang ◽  
Rui Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Therapeutic Benefit ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Protective Antibodies

Outbreaks of Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) caused by FMD virus result in significant economic losses. Vaccination is helpful, but the benefits are diminished with antigenic diversity within serotypes, instability of the immunogen and inability to confer protection for long durations. Here we have further dissected the mechanisms underpinning the protective efficacy of two previously reported neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), M8 and M170. The atomic details of the epitopes of M8 and M170 unveiled suggest that protection is conferred by disrupting the virus-receptor interactions. Consequently, administration of these NAbs conferred prophylactic and therapeutic benefit in guinea pigs, raising the possibility of administering NAbs before or during vaccination to confer immediate protection; well before the bolstering of the immune response by the vaccine. Differences in the residues and the conformation of elements making up the epitopes explain the differences in specificities of M8 and M170. An ability to bind 146S viral particles specifically, but not 12S degraded components, highlights a likely role for M170 in the quality control of vaccines.

scholarly journals Characterising Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Clinical Samples Using Nanopore Sequencing

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Brown ◽  
Graham Freimanis ◽  
Andrew E. Shaw ◽  
Daniel L. Horton ◽  
Simon Gubbins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Cell Culture Supernatant ◽  
Strain Identification ◽  
Consensus Sequences ◽  
Fmdv Serotypes ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth

The sequencing of viral genomes provides important data for the prevention and control of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks. Sequence data can be used for strain identification, outbreak tracing, and aiding the selection of the most appropriate vaccine for the circulating strains. At present, sequencing of FMD virus (FMDV) relies upon the time-consuming transport of samples to well-resourced laboratories. The Oxford Nanopore Technologies' MinION portable sequencer has the potential to allow sequencing in remote, decentralised laboratories closer to the outbreak location. In this study, we investigated the utility of the MinION to generate sequence data of sufficient quantity and quality for the characterisation of FMDV serotypes O, A, Asia 1. Prior to sequencing, a universal two-step RT-PCR was used to amplify parts of the 5′UTR, as well as the leader, capsid and parts of the 2A encoding regions of FMDV RNA extracted from three sample matrices: cell culture supernatant, tongue epithelial suspension and oral swabs. The resulting consensus sequences were compared with reference sequences generated on the Illumina MiSeq platform. Consensus sequences with an accuracy of 100% were achieved within 10 and 30 min from the start of the sequencing run when using RNA extracted from cell culture supernatants and tongue epithelial suspensions, respectively. In contrast, sequencing from swabs required up to 2.5 h. Together these results demonstrated that the MinION sequencer can be used to accurately and rapidly characterise serotypes A, O, and Asia 1 of FMDV using amplicons amplified from a variety of different sample matrices.

scholarly journals Biological Assay of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) Serotypes for Titrating BLRI Developed Trivalent FMD Vaccines Seed

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-26
Author(s):  
Mohammad Showkat Mahmud ◽  
Eusha Islam ◽  
Md. Giasuddin ◽  
Mohammed Abdus Samad ◽  
Md. Rezaul Karim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Biological Assay ◽  
Fmdv Serotypes ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth

scholarly journals Foot-and-mouth disease virus non-structural protein 3A modulates cellular innate immune responses to influence host tropism

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (7A) ◽  
Author(s):  
Soumendu Chakravarti ◽  
Caroline Wright ◽  
Emma Howes ◽  
Richard Kock ◽  
Terry Jackson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Structural Protein ◽  
Host Tropism ◽  
C Terminus ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Species Specific

The picornavirus foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is responsible for one of the most significant diseases of livestock, leading to large economic losses due to reduced productivity and trade embargoes for areas not certified as disease-free. The picornavirus non-structural protein 3A is involved in replication of the viral RNA genome and is implicated in host tropism of several picornaviruses. Deletions in the C-terminus of 3A have been observed in FMDV outbreaks specific for swine and such viruses are non-pathogenic in cattle. The mechanism for species specific attenuation of FMDV is unknown. We have shown that FMDV containing a C-terminal deletion in 3A is attenuated in bovine cell culture and that the attenuated phenotype can be reversed by the JAK1/2 inhibitor Ruxolitinib (Rux), identifying a role for the induction of interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) in the restricted bovine tropism of the 3A-deleted virus.

scholarly journals Rapid Engineering of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine and Challenge Viruses

2017 ◽  
Vol 91 (16) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seo-Yong Lee ◽  
Yeo-Joo Lee ◽  
Rae-Hyung Kim ◽  
Jeong-Nam Park ◽  
Min-Eun Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Strain ◽  
Antigenic Variation ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Virus Challenge ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth

ABSTRACT There are seven antigenically distinct serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), each of which has intratypic variants. In the present study, we have developed methods to efficiently generate promising vaccines against seven serotypes or subtypes. The capsid-encoding gene (P1) of the vaccine strain O1/Manisa/Turkey/69 was replaced with the amplified or synthetic genes from the O, A, Asia1, C, SAT1, SAT2, and SAT3 serotypes. Viruses of the seven serotype were rescued successfully. Each chimeric FMDV with a replacement of P1 showed serotype-specific antigenicity and varied in terms of pathogenesis in pigs and mice. Vaccination of pigs with an experimental trivalent vaccine containing the inactivated recombinants based on the main serotypes O, A, and Asia1 effectively protected them from virus challenge. This technology could be a potential strategy for a customized vaccine with challenge tools to protect against epizootic disease caused by specific serotypes or subtypes of FMDV. IMPORTANCE Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus (FMDV) causes significant economic losses. For vaccine preparation, the selection of vaccine strains was complicated by high antigenic variation. In the present study, we suggested an effective strategy to rapidly prepare and evaluate mass-produced customized vaccines against epidemic strains. The P1 gene encoding the structural proteins of the well-known vaccine virus was replaced by the synthetic or amplified genes of viruses of seven representative serotypes. These chimeric viruses generally replicated readily in cell culture and had a particle size similar to that of the original vaccine strain. Their antigenicity mirrored that of the original serotype from which their P1 gene was derived. Animal infection experiments revealed that the recombinants varied in terms of pathogenicity. This strategy will be a useful tool for rapidly generating customized FMD vaccines or challenge viruses for all serotypes, especially for FMD-free countries, which have prohibited the import of FMDVs.

scholarly journals An improved, rapid competitive ELISA using a novel conserved 3B epitope for the detection of serum antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 699-707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chungwon J. Chung ◽  
Alfonso Clavijo ◽  
Mangkey A. Bounpheng ◽  
Sabena Uddowla ◽  
Abu Sayed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Competitive Elisa ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Serum Antibodies ◽  
Control Serum ◽  
Fmdv Serotypes ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth

The highly contagious foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) afflicts cloven-hoofed animals, resulting in significant costs because of loss of trade and recovery from disease. We developed a sensitive, specific, and rapid competitive ELISA (cELISA) to detect serum antibodies to FMDV. The cELISA utilized a monoclonal blocking antibody specific for a highly conserved FMDV nonstructural 3B epitope, a recombinant mutant FMDV 3ABC coating protein, and optimized format variables including serum incubation for 90 min at 20–25°C. Samples from 16 animals experimentally infected with one FMDV serotype (A, O, Asia, or SAT-1) demonstrated early detection capacity beginning 7 d post-inoculation. All samples from 55 vesicular stomatitis virus antibody-positive cattle and 44 samples from cloven-hoofed animals affected by non-FMD vesicular diseases were negative in the cELISA, demonstrating 100% analytical specificity. The diagnostic sensitivity was 100% against sera from 128 cattle infected with isolates of all FMDV serotypes, emphasizing serotype-agnostic results. Diagnostic specificities of U.S. cattle ( n = 1135) and swine ( n = 207) sera were 99.4% and 100%, respectively. High repeatability and reproducibility were demonstrated with 3.1% coefficient of variation in percent inhibition data and 100% agreement using 2 kit lots and 400 negative control serum samples, with no difference between bench and biosafety cabinet operation. Negative results from vaccinated, uninfected cattle, pig, and sheep sera confirmed the DIVA (differentiate infected from vaccinated animals) capability. This rapid (<3 h), select agent–free assay with high sensitivity and specificity, DIVA capability, and room temperature processing capability will serve as a useful tool in FMDV surveillance, emergency preparedness, response, and outbreak recovery programs.

Development of Protective Immunity against Inactivated Iranian Isolate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Type O/IRN/2007 Using Gamma Ray-Irradiated Vaccine on BALB/c Mice and Guinea Pigs

Intervirology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 190-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farahnaz Motamedi-Sedeh ◽  
Hoorieh Soleimanjahi ◽  
Amir Reza Jalilian ◽  
Homayoon Mahravani ◽  
Kamalodin Shafaee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Fmdv Type

Objectives: Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes a highly contagious disease in cloven-hoofed animals and is the most damaging disease of livestock worldwide, leading to great economic losses. The aim of this research was the inactivation of FMDV type O/IRN/1/2007 to produce a gamma ray-irradiated (GRI) vaccine in order to immunize mice and guinea pigs. Methods: In this research, the Iranian isolated FMDV type O/IRN/1/2007 was irradiated by gamma ray to prepare an inactivated whole virus antigen and formulated as a GRI vaccine with unaltered antigenic characteristics. Immune responses against this vaccine were evaluated on mice and guinea pigs. Results: The comparison of the immune responses between the GRI vaccine and conventional vaccine did not show any significant difference in neutralizing antibody titer, memory spleen T lymphocytes or IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-2 and IL-10 concentrations (p > 0.05). In contrast, there were significant differences in all of the evaluated immune factors between the two vaccinated groups of mice and negative control mice (p < 0.05). The protective dose 50 for the conventional and GRI vaccines obtained were 6.28 and 7.07, respectively, which indicated the high potency of both vaccines. Conclusion: GRI vaccine is suitable for both routine vaccination and control of FMDV in emergency outbreaks.

scholarly journals Insertion of type O-conserved neutralizing epitope into the foot-and-mouth disease virus type Asia1 VP1 G-H loop: effect on viral replication and neutralization phenotype

2012 ◽  
Vol 93 (7) ◽  
pp. 1442-1448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haiwei Wang ◽  
Mei Xue ◽  
Decheng Yang ◽  
Guohui Zhou ◽  
Donglai Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Neutralizing Epitope ◽  
Fmdv Serotypes ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Fmdv Type ◽  
Neutralizing Epitopes

Previously, we finely mapped the neutralizing epitopes recognized by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) type Asia1-specific mAb 3E11 and FMDV type O-specific mAb 8E8. In this study, we engineered recombinant FMDVs of the serotype Asia1 (rFMDVs) displaying the type O-neutralizing epitope recognized by the mAb 8E8. These epitope-inserted viruses were genetically stable and exhibited growth properties that were similar to those of their parental virus. Importantly, the recombinant virus rFMDV-C showed neutralization sensitivity to both FMDV type Asia1 and type O mAbs, as well as to polyclonal antibodies. These results indicated that this epitope-inserted virus has the potential to induce neutralizing antibodies against both FMDV type Asia1 and type O. Our results demonstrated that the G-H loop of FMDV type Asia1 effectively displays the protective neutralizing epitopes of other FMDV serotypes, making this an attractive approach for the design of novel FMDV vaccines.

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