scholarly journals Degree of domestication influences susceptibility of Theobroma cacao to frosty pod rot: a severe disease devastating Mexican cacao

2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor J. Albores-Flores ◽  
Graciela García-Guzmán ◽  
Francisco J. Espinosa-García ◽  
Miguel Salvador-Figueroa
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Setting Time ◽  
Immature Stage ◽  
Lignin Phenols ◽  
Fruit Setting ◽  
The One ◽  
Cacao Plantation ◽  
Moniliophthora Roreri ◽  
Frosty Pod Rot

<p><strong>Background</strong><strong>:</strong> The three<em>-main</em> cacao (<em>Theobroma cacao</em>) varieties cultivated in México are: Criollo, Forastero, and Trinitario. Each variety has a different fruit setting time and has been subjected to several selection stages. The aim of this study was to determine the susceptibility of the three cacao varieties to Frosty pod rot caused by <em>Moniliophthora roreri</em>. We also analyzed the physicochemical properties of the pericarp of the three varieties and its domestication age.</p><p><strong>Question</strong><strong>:</strong> Is there a relationship between the degree of domestication of the cacao variety and its susceptibility to Frosty pod rot?</p><p><strong>Studied species</strong><strong>:</strong> <em>Theobroma cacao</em> fruits.</p><p><strong>Study site</strong><strong>:</strong> A cacao plantation in Chiapas, Mexico.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong>:  The content of moisture, lignin, phenols, peroxidase activity and hardness of the pericarp were analyzed in the middle zone of healthy fruits at 4, 8 and 12 weeks of development. Number of healthy and infected fruits were recorded every week.</p><p><strong>Results</strong><strong>:</strong> The highest susceptibility to Frosty pod rot was found in the immature stage of fruits from the Criollo variety. The disease was mostly found in the mid-zone of the fruit. The <em>Criollo</em> variety was the most susceptible. This variety showed the highest moisture values and the lowest values of the other measured parameters.</p><p><strong>Conclusions</strong><strong>:</strong> The finest cacao is obtained from the Criollo variety, the one with the highest degree of domestication, and also the most susceptible to frosty pod rot. We suggest using material from wild Criollo populations and from the Forastero and Trinitario varieties in future breeding and selection programs.</p>

Improving the formulation and timing of application of endophytic biocontrol and chemical agents against frosty pod rot (Moniliophthora roreri) in cocoa (Theobroma cacao)

2010 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 230-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrike Krauss ◽  
Eduardo Hidalgo ◽  
Roy Bateman ◽  
Valex Adonijah ◽  
Claudio Arroyo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
Moniliophthora Roreri ◽  
Frosty Pod Rot

Application of chemical and biological agents for the management of frosty pod rot (Moniliophthora roreri) in Costa Rican cocoa (Theobroma cacao)

2005 ◽  
Vol 147 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.P. Bateman ◽  
E. Hidalgo ◽  
J. Garcia ◽  
C. Arroyo ◽  
G.M. ten Hoopen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Biological Agents ◽  
Costa Rican ◽  
Moniliophthora Roreri ◽  
Frosty Pod Rot

scholarly journals SNP markers associated with resistance to frosty pod and black pod rot diseases in an F1 population of Theobroma cacao L.

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Osman A. Gutiérrez ◽  
Alina S. Puig ◽  
Wilbert Phillips-Mora ◽  
Bryan A. Bailey ◽  
Shahin S. Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Mapping Population ◽  
Snp Markers ◽  
Chromosome 2 ◽  
Linkage Groups ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Black Pod ◽  
Moniliophthora Roreri ◽  
Frosty Pod Rot ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

AbstractEconomically, cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is a major tropical commodity for the Americas; however, severe losses due to Moniliophthora roreri (Cif. and Par.), which causes frosty pod rot (FPR), and Phytophthora spp., which causes black pod rot (BPR), have reduced cacao production in the Americas. The objectives of this study are to (i) re-confirm the QTL using different marker set; (ii) discover new QTL associated with FPR and BPR resistance using SNP markers; and (iii) find genes in the candidate QTL regions. At CATIE in Turrialba, Costa Rica, an F1 mapping population of cacao was obtained by crossing “POUND 7,” a clone moderately susceptible to FPR and resistant to BPR, with “UF 273,” resistant to FPR and highly susceptible to BPR. A total of 179 F1 progeny were fingerprinted with 5149 SNP markers and a dense linkage map composed of 10 linkage groups was developed using 2910 polymorphic SNP markers. Also segregating F1 trees were screened for resistance to FPR and BPR diseases. Seven QTL previously reported on chromosomes 2, 7, and 8 for FPR resistance and on chromosomes 4, 8, and 10 for BPR resistance were confirmed. Additionally, eight QTL were identified for FPR resistance (chromosomes 4, 9, and 10) and BPR resistance (chromosome 2). The expression of genes commonly associated with plant defense and disease resistance that are located within the identified QTL was confirmed.

Moniliophthora roreri (frosty pod rot).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrike Krauss
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
South America ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Secondary Effects ◽  
Crop Failure ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Cocoa Production ◽  
Forested Landscapes ◽  
Moniliophthora Roreri ◽  
Frosty Pod Rot

Abstract The invasive basidiomycete pathogen M. roreri originated in Western Colombia/Ecuador. In recent years it has expanded its range in South America (Peru, Venezuela and Bolivia) and throughout Mesoamerica as far as Mexico. Africa, Asia and insular Caribbean are still free of this pathogen. M. roreri causes the devastating frosty pod rot of cocoa (Theobroma cacao), a disease that commonly reduces yields by over 80% within a few years of pathogen establishment. The severe losses, and occassionally complete crop failure, frequently render cocoa production economically unfeasible. The results are loss of livelihoods and abandonment and conversion of the affected agroforests to less environmentally sustainable uses, with secondary effects ranging from habitat loss for wildlife, fragmentation of forested landscapes and soil erosion. It is therefore imperative that the introduction of the pathogen to additional cocoa-producing regions is prevented. These include the insular Caribbean, the Guyanas and Brazil in the Americas, as well as the bulk-cocoa producing continents, Africa and Asia (Krauss, 2010).

The effect of cane molasses amendment on biocontrol of frosty pod rot (Moniliophthora roreri) and black pod (Phytophthora spp.) of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) in Panama

2006 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrike Krauss ◽  
G. Martijn ten Hoopen ◽  
Eduardo Hidalgo ◽  
Adolfo Martínez ◽  
Tim Stirrup ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Cane Molasses ◽  
Phytophthora Spp ◽  
Black Pod ◽  
Moniliophthora Roreri ◽  
Frosty Pod Rot

Estimation of genetic parameters associated with frosty pod rot (Moniliophthora roreri) and cacao production in Mexico

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
José Luis Solís Bonilla ◽  
Uilson Vanderlei Lopes ◽  
Alfredo Zamarripa Colmenero ◽  
Biaani Beeu Martínez Valencia ◽  
Carlos Hugo Avendaño Arrazate ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Parameters ◽  
Moniliophthora Roreri ◽  
Frosty Pod Rot ◽  
Estimation Of Genetic Parameters

Moniliophthora roreri. [Distribution map].

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
South America ◽  
Central America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Mitosporic Fungi ◽  
Moniliophthora Roreri ◽  
New Distribution

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Moniliophthora roreri H.C. Evans, Stalpers, Samson & Benny Fungi: Mitosporic fungi: Hyphomycetes Hosts: Cocca (Theobroma cacao). Information is given on the geographical distribution in CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama, SOUTH AMERICA, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela.

Zur Reversibilität von Rechtsfolgen einer vorsorgenden Sicherheitspolitik

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-388
Author(s):  
Patricia Wiater
Keyword(s):  
Security Policy ◽  
Terrorist Attack ◽  
Setting Time ◽  
Public Security ◽  
German State ◽  
Constitutional Principle ◽  
Legal Consequence ◽  
Principle Of Proportionality ◽  
The One ◽  
Legal Consequences

Since the terrorist attack on Berlin’s Breitscheidplatz took place in December 2016, German state interior ministries deport potential top terrorists in the accelerated procedure under section 58a Residence Act (AufenthG). As a legal consequence, section 11‍(5) Residence Act imposes a lifelong entry ban to foreigners who have been deported on the basis of § 58a Residence Act. In defining the requirements for deporting potential top terrorists, the ministries do not refer to the foreseeability of a concrete terrorist attack, but to the risk arising from the person concerned. Consequently, deportation orders can also be issued to persons who, although identifying with radical extremist Islamism, would not have committed terrorist attacks in case they had stayed in Germany. This practice of accepting misjudgements, that is of deporting „the wrong“, for the sake of public security forms part of the broader concept of fighting terrorism pre-emptively. The paper reveals that there is a twofold need for reform of the German lifelong entry ban for potential top-terrorists: It arises, on the one hand, from the fact that section 11 Residence Act violates EU law requirements of the „Return Directive“ and, on the other hand, from the constitutional principle of proportionality. De lege lata, this principle is infringed because the legal consequence of a lifelong entry ban does not mitigate the deliberate acceptance of misjudgements within the framework of section 58a Residence Act. The paper argues that the constitutionality of pre-emptive security policy presupposes that the factual and legal consequences of misjudgements are reversible. As a consequence, the constitutionality of section 11 Residence Act with regards to potential top terrorists depends on setting time limits on entry bans.

scholarly journals Right Ventricle Remodeling and Function in Scleroderma Patients

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Roxana Cucuruzac ◽  
Iolanda Muntean ◽  
Imre Benedek ◽  
Andras Mester ◽  
Nora Rat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Pulmonary Artery Hypertension ◽  
Organ Manifestations ◽  
Therapeutic Measures ◽  
The One ◽  
And Function ◽  
Adaptive Pattern ◽  
Functional Alteration

Scleroderma, known also as systemic sclerosis (SSc), is a severe disease associated with high mortality rates, and right ventricular (RV) remodeling and dysfunction, along with pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH), are among the most important internal organ manifestations of this disease. PAH has a higher prevalence in patients with SSc compared to the general population and represents a significant predictor of mortality in SSc. In patients with SSc, the morphological remodeling and alteration of RV function begin even before the setting of PAH and lead to development of a specific adaptive pattern of the RV which is different from the one recorded in patients with IAPH. These alterations cause worse outcomes and increased mortality rates in SSc patients. Early detection of RV dysfunction and remodeling is possible using modern imaging tools currently available and can indicate the initiation of specific therapeutic measures before installation of PAH. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge related to mechanisms involved in the remodeling and functional alteration of the RV in SSc patients.

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