scholarly journals The structure of nectaries in the genus Strombocactus (Cactaceae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
Aldebaran Camacho-Velázquez ◽  
Salvador Arias ◽  
Judith Márquez-Guzmán ◽  
Sonia Vázquez-Santana
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Floral Nectar ◽  
Histochemical Tests ◽  
Floral Nectaries ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
Cross Fertilization

<p><strong>Background:</strong> Floral nectar is offered by the plant to its pollinators to promote cross-fertilization.</p><p><strong>Questions:</strong> Are floral nectaries morpho-anatomically similar among the taxa of <em>Strombocactus</em>? What sugars do nectaries offer their pollinators?</p><p><strong>Studied species:</strong> <em>Strombocactus disciformis</em> subsp. <em>disciformis</em>, <em>S. disciformis</em> subsp. <em>esperanzae</em> and <em>S. corregidorae,</em> during 2016-2018.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> Bud flowers and flowers in anthesis from each taxon of <em>Strombocactus</em>, were processed to be observed in SEM; other specimens were embedded in Paraplast and sectioned to histochemical tests. The concentration of nectar was measured using a refractometer.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> The nectaries are similar among the three studied taxa, located below the stamens and reach the upper part of the ovary forming a ring in the hypanthium. An almost flat epidermis constitutes the nectary in <em>S. disciformis </em>subsp.<em> esperanzae</em>, although in <em>S. disciformis </em>subsp.<em> disciformis</em> is slightly bulked and papillae in <em>S</em>.<em> corregidorae, </em>a nectariferous parenchyma composed of metabolically very active cells, and a subnectariferous parenchyma of larger cells, associated with vascular bundles. The nectar is secreted through nectarostomata. The concentration of nectar was 8.65 ± 3.98, 16.12 ± 4.48 and 22.09 ± 7.42 °Brix for <em>S. disciformis</em> subsp. <em>esperanzae</em>, <em>S. corregidorae</em> and <em>S. disciformis</em> subsp. <em>disciformis</em>, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> All taxa of <em>Strombocactus</em> have an annular-type nectary that secretes a low volume of nectar and together with pollen are offered as rewards. Based on other floral characteristics observed, such as the diurnal anthesis, the infundibuliform shape and the color of the flower, we propose that bees pollinate these species.</p>

Seed ontogeny and endosperm chemical analysis in Smilax polyantha (Smilacaceae)

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline Redondo Martins ◽  
Sandra Maria Carmello-Guerreiro ◽  
Marcos Silveira Buckeridge ◽  
Clovis Oliveira Silva ◽  
Beatriz Appezzato-da-Glória
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
Endosperm Cell ◽  
Brazilian Cerrado ◽  
Chemical Factors ◽  
Histochemical Tests ◽  
Mature Seeds

Smilax polyantha Grisebach is a species native to the Brazilian Cerrado biome and is known as sarsaparilla in folk medicine. Despite its popular use, little is known about the propagation of this species, which is still actively illegally exploited. The present study aims to analyse the seed ontogeny and perform endosperm chemical analyses in S. polyantha to elucidate the structural and chemical factors that could be associated with the low germination rates and structural organisation of the seed. The ovules are orthotropic and bitegmic, have short funicles, single collateral vascular bundles that end in the chalaza, and a hypostasis that is composed of chalazal and nucellar cells. The seed covering is non-multiplicative. In mature seeds, the cellularised endosperm has thick-walled cells, the embryo is small and the tegmen comprises two layers of periclinal elongated cells with a red–orange content, which are covered by a cuticle. Histochemical tests detected the presence of lipids, proteins and polysaccharides in the cellular content of mature seeds. Chemical analyses indicated 46.7% hemicellulose per total weight, 67.3% glucose, 30.7% mannose, 1.9% galactose and an absence of fucose, arabinose and rhamnose. In conclusion, the delayed seed germination in S. polyantha is associated with the seed endosperm cell walls.

scholarly journals Anatomy of the floral nectaries of 9 species from subf. Pomoideae (Rosaceae)

2013 ◽  
Vol 49 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 95-105
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Weryszko-Chmielewska ◽  
Agata Konarska
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Sorbus Aucuparia ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Crataegus Monogyna ◽  
Aronia Melanocarpa ◽  
Floral Nectaries

The nectaries anatomical features of nine species of <em>Pomoideae</em> subfamily <em>Aronia melanocarpa</em> Ell., <em>Cotoneaster horizontalis</em> Decne, <em>C. praecox</em> Vilm.-Andr., <em>C. lucida</em> Schlecht., <em>Crataegus monogyna</em> Jacq., <em>C. coccinea</em> L., <em>C. crus-galli</em> L., <em>Sorbus aucuparia</em> L., <em>Sorbus intermedia</em> Pers. were compared. The flower longitudinal sections by means of vibratome and semithin slides by use of ultramicrotome were made. The thickness of nectary epidermis, glandular layer and the structure of subglandular layer as well as the n,n of vascular bundles were studied. It was stated that the height of epidermis cells and the thickness of their wall were approximate in the most investigated taxons. Stomata occurred in the nectaries of all species. They were located on a level with the epidermis cells in <em>Aronia</em> and <em>Sorbus</em> genera, in small hollows in Cotoneaster and considerably below the level of epidermis cells in <em>Crataegus</em>. The thickness of glandular layer was approximate for each genera. Sorbus intermedia and the species of <em>Crataegus</em> genus wer distinguishable by the thickest nectaries. The concentration of brachysclereids occurred in subglandular tissue of <em>Crataegus crus-galli</em> and of <em>Sorbus</em> both species. Vascular bundles, stocking the nectary, mostly consisted of phloem and xylem, but in <em>Aronia, Cotoneaster praecox</em> and <em>C. lucida</em> only phloem was noticed. The dependence between thickness of glandular layer, studied anatomical features and the volume of secreted nectar is discussed.

scholarly journals Morphology, histochemical test, potential, and conservation effort of Alpinia warburgii K. Schum., a native species to Sulawesi

2021 ◽  
Vol 948 (1) ◽  
pp. 012014
Author(s):  
Trimanto ◽  
L Hapsari
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Anatomical Study ◽  
Anatomical Structure ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Conservation Effort ◽  
Histochemical Tests

Abstract Alpinia warburgii is a species of the Zingiberaceae family native to Sulawesi. This study aims to characterize the plant morphology; analyze the anatomical structure, histochemical localization, and secretory cell structure of the rhizome; also discuss the potential and conservation effort of the species. Anatomical study and histochemical tests were observed microscopically using the fresh preparation method and wet mounted slide. Histochemical tests carried out include starch, protein, lipid, tannin, alkaloid, and flavonoid. This study is considered the first report of histochemical tests on A. warburgii. The main morphological characteristics of A. warburgii are perennial herbaceous; inflorescence terminal and raceme; flowers white, labellum obovate with red lines in the middle, and flanked by light green edges; fruit globose, green when young and yellow when ripe. The rhizome anatomical structure comprises the epidermis, endodermis, hypodermis, parenchyma, cortex, and vascular bundles, classified as closed collateral type. Histochemical tests showed positive localization for starch, protein, alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins. The density of flavonoids secretory cells is higher than tannins and alkaloids, which indicates its potential as medicine to be associated with antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiinflammation, and anticancer. In addition to in-situ, ex-situ conservation effort through propagation is also important to maintain the species.

scholarly journals The structure of floral nectaries of some species of Vicia L. (Papilionaceae)

2014 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Stpiczyńska
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Modified Stomata ◽  
Floral Nectaries ◽  
The Subject

The subject of research were morphology and ultrastructure of floral nectaries of nine species of <i>Vicia</i>. The differences in their size and morphological structure were shown. Small, almost flat nectaries appeared in flowers of <i>Vicia tetrasperma</i> and <i>V. hirsuta</i>. Much better developed ones which had convexities with the shape of a protuberance, a half-ring or a half -ring with a ligulate outgrowth were observed in <i>V. silvatica</i>, <i>V. cracca</i>, <i>V. villosa</i>, <i>V. sativa</i> and <i>V. angustifolia</i>. Completely convex, annular nectaries with a ligulate outgrowth belonged to <i>V. sepium</i> and <i>V. grandiflora</i>. Small anatomical differences concerned mainly the structure and distribution of vascular bundles, whereas ultrastructure of secretory cells was very similar. Nectar got into the surface through the modified stomata situated on the top of nectaries' convexities.

scholarly journals Structure of floral nectaries in Aesculus hippocastanum L.

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Weryszko-Chmielewska ◽  
Mirosława Chwil
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Aesculus Hippocastanum ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Fluorescence And Electron Microscopy ◽  
The Family ◽  
Floral Nectaries ◽  
Light Fluorescence ◽  
Parenchymal Cells ◽  
First Time

Abstract Representatives of the family Sapindaceae exhibit high morphological diversity of the nectary structure. The present paper shows for the first time the results of micromorphological, anatomical, and ultrastructural analyses of floral nectaries in Aesculus hippocastanum. We have also described the forage and signal attractants of these flowers, which are important for the ecology of pollination. Using light, fluorescence, and electron microscopy, we demonstrated that the A. hippocastanum nectary forming a lobed disc is histologically differentiated into the epidermis with stomata, nectariferous parenchyma, subglandular parenchyma, and vascular bundles reaching the basal part of the nectariferous parenchyma. The use of histochemical assays revealed the presence of insoluble polysaccharides, lipids, terpenoids, and polyphenols including coumarins in the nectary tissues. Nectar is exuded onto the nectary surface via stomata and the permeable cuticle. As indicated by the observation of the ultrastructure of the nectary cells, transport of pre-nectar into parenchymal cells may proceed via the symplast and apoplast. We have also demonstrated that nectar transfer outside the protoplasts of parenchymal cells has a character of granulocrine secretion. A. hippocastanum flowers produce nectar abundantly; one flower secreted on average 2.64 mg of nectar and the concentration of sugars in the nectar was 33%.

scholarly journals Leaf and stem microscopic identification of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray (Asteraceae)

2012 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Márcia do Rocio Duarte ◽  
Cláudia Bonissoni Empinotti
Keyword(s):  
Vascular System ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Tithonia Diversifolia ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Therapeutic Uses ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Anomocytic Stomata ◽  
Histochemical Tests ◽  
Secretory Ducts

Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray is an Asteraceae shrub, popularly known as Mexican sunflower and cultivated for ornamental and therapeutic uses in different countries. In folk medicine, it is of value for treating diabetes, malaria and infectious diseases. These indications have been corroborated by various pharmacological assays. Given the lack of data on anatomical aspects of T. diversifolia, this work aimed to investigate the leaf and stem microscopic characters of this medicinal plant and potential vegetal drug. Samples of mature leaves and young stems were sectioned and stained. Histochemical tests and scanning electron microscopy were also performed. The leaf has anomocytic stomata on both sides, dorsiventral mesophyll and several collateral vascular bundles arranged as a ring in the midrib. The stem shows angular-tangential collenchyma, an evident endodermis and sclerenchymatic caps adjoining the phloem. The main characters for anatomical identification are the different types of trichome (non-glandular, capitate and non-capitate glandular), the midrib features and the localization of the secretory ducts near the vascular system.

scholarly journals Anatomical characters of the medicinal leaf and stem of Gymnanthemum amygdalinum (Delile) Sch.Bip. ex Walp. (Asteraceae)

2013 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 719-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Márcia do Rocio Duarte ◽  
Ariane Gonçalves Silva
Keyword(s):  
Sesquiterpene Lactones ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Bioactive Metabolites ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Medicinal Species ◽  
Convex Shape ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Anomocytic Stomata ◽  
Histochemical Tests

Gymnanthemum amygdalinum (Delile) Sch.Bip. ex Walp. (Asteraceae), better known by its former name Vernonia amygdalina Delile, is a small shrub used in folk medicine as an antipyretic, laxative, antimalarial and anthelmintic. Studies have demonstrated that different vegetal extracts possess antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiparasitic activities. Among the bioactive metabolites, there are sesquiterpene lactones, saponins, polyphenols and flavonoids. This study investigated the leaf and stem microscopic characters of G. amygdalinum, aiming to expand the knowledge on this medicinal species and indicate anatomical structures. Plant material was fixed and sectioned by freehand and using a microtome. The sections were either stained or underwent standard histochemical tests. Scanning electron microscopy was performed to investigate epidermal relief. The leaf is amphistomatic with anomocytic stomata. There are striate cuticle, glandular and non-glandular trichomes and dorsiventral mesophyll. In transverse section, the midrib and the petiole have a plano-convex shape. Both show several collateral vascular bundles and few crystals of calcium oxalate. In the stem, the epidermis persists and the phellogen has a peripheral origin. It presents typical endodermis and sclerenchymatic caps adjoining the phloem. The aspects that contribute to characterizing the species are stomata on both leaf surfaces, midrib and petiole features, the endodermis and sclerenchymatic caps in the stem, as well as the different types of trichome on both aerial organs.

scholarly journals Anatomy of the sporophyte of Anemia phyllitidis var. phyllitidis (Anemiaceae) from a riparian forest (Tucumán, Argentina)

2021 ◽  
pp. e1830
Author(s):  
Patricia Liliana Albornoz ◽  
María Gabriela Romagnoli ◽  
Marcela Alicia Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Riparian Forest ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Histological Techniques ◽  
Anemia Phyllitidis ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
Histochemical Tests ◽  
Morphological And Physiological Traits ◽  
Epidermis Structure

Background and Aims: In Argentina seven species of the genus Anemia are recognized; one of them, A. phyllitidis, has two varieties. The anatomical records for A. phyllitidis var. phyllitidis are scarce and refer to the ontogeny of stomata, epidermis structure and type of petiole stele. This variety, which occurs in riparian forests, is affected by the increase of seasonal ecological pressures. There is scarce information about its sporophyte anatomy; hence, the aim of this work was to characterize it.Methods: Five specimens were collected from the margin of the El Parque stream (Tucumán-Argentina). A part was herborized and the other part was fixed in FAA. Subsequently, conventional histological techniques were used and stoma density and size of stomata and trichomes were determined. Histochemical tests were performed to detect starch (lugol) and phenolic compounds (10% ferric chloride).Key results: Anemia phyllitidis var. phyllitidis shows diarch roots and dictyostelic rhizome covered with glandular trichomes. The petiole is covered by glandular trichomes, epidermis and subepidermis composed of lignified fibers, vascular bundle with phloem surrounding xylem, two-layered pericycle surrounded by endodermis and cortical tissue with starch and phenolic compounds. Sterile pinnae have pericytic, anomocytic, and desmocytic stomata (mean size 49.8 µm × 38.7 µm); glandular trichomes; dorsoventral hypostomatic lamina, vascular bundles with pericycle and endodermis. Fertile pinnae are anatomically similar to the rachis. Silica is present in some epidermal cells of the different organs.Conclusions: The sporophyte of A. phyllitidis var. phyllitidis showed anatomical, morphological and physiological traits that reveal its adaptation to the riparian habitat where it grows. At the same time, the description of this variety is deepened and unpublished data for the genus are provided, such as the presence of stegmata in the fertile pinnae.

scholarly journals Nectar for Plant Defense: The Feeding of the Non-Native Coccinellid Beetle, Curinus coeruleus, on Extra-Floral Nectaries of Hawaiian Native Hibiscus Brackenridgei

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. IJIS.S7162
Author(s):  
Kyra N. Krakos ◽  
Gary M. Booth ◽  
John S. Gardner ◽  
Mason G. Neipp
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Olfactory Cues ◽  
Plant Fitness ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Potential Mechanism ◽  
Floral Nectar ◽  
Floral Nectaries ◽  
Olfactory Cue ◽  
Curinus Coeruleus ◽  
Sensory Ability

The interaction between the non-native coccinellid beetle, Curinus coeruleus Mulsant, and the Hawaiian native plant Hibiscus brackenridgei A. Gray, was investigated on Kauai, HI. The presence of extra floral nectar appears to maintain the beetle presence on the plant. Because coccinellid beetles are predators on insects that are damaging to plants, beetle presence may increase plant fitness. Beetles were found feeding heavily on the extra floral nectaries of the Hibiscus. An examination of the beetle mouth parts with scanning electron microscopy revealed no structures specifically adapted for the consumption of nectar. The sensory ability of the coccinellids was tested to determine if they respond to visual or olfactory cues to detect the nectar. Studies with an eight-armed air-flow olfactometer concluded there was no olfactory cue. Tracing the pathways of beetles in laboratory experiments yielded results that suggest a visual cue. The extra floral nectaries are concluded to be a potential mechanism to maintain beetle presence on a plant to provide defense against herbivores.

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