Predation of Florida red scale Chrysomphalus aonidum (L.) by the metallic blue ladybeetle Curinus coeruleus (Mulsant)

Florida red scale, Chrysomphalus aonidum (L.) is a species of armored scales, which attacks citrus crops. Biological control, particularly ladybeetles, are critical for its management in citrus production systems. We evaluated predation of C. aonidum by adult and larvae (3rd–4th instar) of the metallic blue ladybeetle, Curinus coeruleus. C. coeruleus were tested against C. aonidum in three separate treatments on Valencia orange leaves in Petri-dish arenas (1) individuals with armor intact, (2) individuals with armor removed, and (3) mix of individuals with armor intact or removed, to determine if armor inflicts distraction to predator consumption of scale and impact. Within 24 h of exposure to C. aonidum, adult beetle consumption rate averaged 64–68% in the two treatments containing all or half of the individuals with armor, compared to 100% in the treatment with armor removed. The consumption rate in the former two treatments increased to 83–89% within 72 h. Larval consumption of C. aonidum with armor intact was 25% at 24 h and 41% at 72 h, compared to 92–100% in the treatment with armor removed. The adults resulting from the larvae developed on C. aonidum with the armor intact or between the diets of armor intact or removed consumed more scales without armor than with armor. Significant consumption of C. aonidum by adults and larvae of C. coeruleus indicates that it is an efficient predator of this pest species. These novel findings suggest that this predator could be useful for suppressing C. aonidum populations in citrus production systems, particularly in habitats where both species are established such as Florida.

ALGUNOS COCCINELLIDOS (COLEÓPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE) PREDADORES DE IMPORTANCIA ECONÓMICA EN EL DEPARTAMENTO DEL CUSCO, PERÚ

<p>El examen de cerca de 2500 especímenes de la familia Coccinellidae, presentes en la Colección Entomológica de la Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Perú, permitió determinar la presencia de 16 especies de conocidos hábitos predadores de importancia económica, provenientes de 74 localidades en 40 distritos de las 13 provincias del departamento del Cusco. Las 16 especies se hallan distribuidas en 10 géneros y 7 tribus, todas ellas dentro de la sub familia Coccinellinae Mulsant: <em>Eriopis peruviana</em> Hofmann, 1970, <em>Eriopis andina</em> Hofmann, 1970, <em>Eriopis minima</em> Hofmann, 1970, <em>Paraneda pallidula guticollis</em> (Mulsant, 1850), <em>Cycloneda vandenbergae</em> González, Bustamante &amp; Oróz, 2008, <em>Cycloneda sanguinea</em> (Linnaeus, 1763), <em>Cycloneda dieguezi</em> González, 2018, <em>Cycloneda arcula</em> (Erichson, 1847),<em> Hippodamia convergens</em> (Guerin-Meneville, 1842), <em>Hippodamia variegata</em> (Goeze, 1777), <em>Azya scutata</em> Mulsant, 1850, <em>Scymnus (Pullus) rubicundus</em> Erichson, 1847, <em>Hyperaspis festiva</em> (Mulsant, 1850), <em>Rodolia cardinalis</em> (Mulsant, 1850), <em>Parastethorus histrio</em> (Chazeau &amp; Fursch, 1974), <em>Curinus coeruleus</em> Mulsant, 1850. Se indica una diagnosis para cada especie, su distribución en el departamento e imágenes de su habitus y aparato genital.</p><p> </p>

DAYA PREDASI DAN RESPON FUNGSIONAL Curinus coeruleus MULSANT (COLEOPTERA; COCCINELIDE) TERHADAP Paracoccus marginatus WILLIAMS DAN GRANARA DE WILLINK (HEMIPTERA;PSEUDOCOCCIDAE) DI RUMAH KACA

Predation ability and functional respons of Curinus coeruleus Mulsant (Coleoptera ; Coccinelide) To Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera ; Pseudococcidae) in a greenhouse. The objective of the research was to know the predation ability of C. coeruleus to P.marginatus and functional response. This research was conducted from February to April 2017 in the greenhouse Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sumatera Utara Medan. The method used was Completely Randomized Design with and was held in 2 periods. The first period was Predation Ability Test and the second was the Functional response test. In Predation Ability Test there were one imagoes of C. coeruleus male and female which test with P. marginatus larvae instar II and instar III. In the Functional response test, there were one imagoes of C. coeruleus male and female which test with P. marginatus larvae instar II (from previous predation ability) with each of P. marginatus larvae differences was 5, 10, 15 and 20 P.marginatus imagoes. The results of this research showed that the highest Predation Ability percentage was showed on C. coeruleus female with 57.5% and the lowest was showed on C. coeruleus male with 20%. in Functional response test of C. coeruleus was showed on type I and low R with 0.5375.

Komposisi Komunitas Serangga Aphidophaga dan Coccidophaga pada Agroekosistem Kacang Panjang (Vigna sinensis l.) di Kabupaten Garut

ABSTRACTComposition of Aphidophaga and Coccidophaga Insect Communities on Long Bean Agroecosystem (Vigna sismensis L.) at Garut RegencyThe research about Aphidophaga and Coccidophaga insect composition comunity on long beans (Vigna sinensis L.) agroecosystems was done in the month of April to November 2011 in Haruman Village, Leles District, Garut Regency. Research was conducted in the form of surveys which were done by collecting insects directly and using various traps ie yellow traps board, fitfall traps, and nets swinging. The dominant insect pest that found was Aphis craccivora which causing percentage of damage to the plants ranging from 20% to 90%. Types of aphidophaga and coccidophaga found were belong to the Order of Coleoptera : Family Coccinellidae Menochilus sexmaculatus, Micraspis sp., Harmonia sp., Verania lineata, Curinus coeruleus, Scymnus sp., Coccinella transversalis); the Order of Diptera : Family Syrphidae namely Ischiodon scutellaris; Neuroptera: Family Hemerobiidae; the Order of Diptera : Family Cecidomyiidae Aphidoletes aphidimyza; and there was also Carabidae beetles of the Order Coleoptera with species diversity index wasl relatively low. The highest abundance of predators of coccidophaga and aphidophaga group was dominated by Ischiodon scutellaris and Menochilus sexmaculatus.Key words: Diversity, Abundance, Dominant species, Insect pestsABSTRAKPenelitian mengenai komposisi komunitas serangga aphidophaga dan coccidophaga pada Agroekosistem kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis (L.) telah dilaksanakan pada Bulan April–November 2011 di Desa Haruman Kecamatan Leles Kabupaten Garut. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan metode survei dengan mengoleksi serangga secara langsung, dan menggunakan berbagai perangkap antara lain perangkap papan kuning, fitfall trap, dan jaring ayun. Serangga hama dominan yang ditemukan adalah Aphis craccivora dengan persentase serangan berkisar 20% - 90%. Jenis aphidophaga dan coccidophaga lain yang ditemukan yaitu dari Ordo Coleoptera : Famili Coccinellidae: Menochilus sexmaculatus, Micraspis sp., Harmonia sp., Verania lineata, Curinus coeruleus, Scymnus sp., Coccinella transversalis; Ordo Diptera : Famili Syrphidae yaitu Ischiodon scutellaris; Neuroptera : Famili Hemerobiidae; Ordo Diptera : Famili Cecidomyiidae Aphidoletes aphidimyza; serta terdapat pula kumbang Carabidae dari Ordo Coleoptera dengan indeks keragaman spesies yang masih tergolong rendah. Kelimpahan tertinggi predator dari kelompok aphidophaga dan coccidophaga didominasi oleh spesies Ischiodon scutellaris dan Menochilus sexmaculatus.Kata kunci : Keragaman, Kelimpahan, Spesies dominan, Serangga hama

Dinamika Populasi Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Homoptera: Psyllidae) dan Deteksi CVPD dengan Teknik PCR

The research was conducted in the field of Taro village Gianyar regency and Katung village Bangli regency and at the Laboratory of Biotechnology Faculty of Agricultural Udayana University. The purpose of the research were to investigate population dynamic of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama and other insects that were assosiated with citrus cv. siam; and molecular detection of CVPD patogen in its vector, other phytophagous insects on citrus cv.siam and kemuning [Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack.] The result of this study showed that in six month period there was one peak of D. citri population which was associated with the flushing period of citrus at Taro as well Katung villages. The peak of D. citri population of Taro village was higher than that of Katung village. Two species of parasitoids and four spesies of predators were found in the field and may contribute in the suppression of D. citri population. The parasitoids identified were Tamarixia radiata Wat. and Diaphorencyrtus alligharensi Shaffe, whereas the predators were Curinus coeruleus Mulsant, Phiddipus sp., Menochilus sexmaculatus Fabricius and Oxyopes javanus Thorell. T. radiata has been proven to be an effective nymph parasitoid that could suppress the population development of D. citri in citrus orchads. The research revealed that kemuning could serve as a source of infection because it is also a host of CVPD disease as well as of D. citri. Toxoptera citricidus Kirkaldy and Maleuterpes dentipes Hell. were not proven to contain CVPD disease.

KEEFEKTIFAN TIGA JENIS INSEKTISIDA NABATI TERHADAP KUTU PUTIH PEPAYA PARACOCCUS MARGINATUS DAN KEAMANANNYA TERHADAP LARVA KUMBANG PREDATOR CURINUS COERULEUS

Effectiveness of three botanical insecticides against the papaya mealybug Paracoccus marginatus and their safety to the predatory Curinus coeruleus larvae. Preparations of Tephrosia vogelii (Tv) leaf extract (0.5% and 1% w/v), Annona squamosa (As) seed extract (0.5% and 1%), and Cinnamomum multiforum (Cm) leaf essential oil (1% and 2%), and their mixtures (Mix-1: Tv 0.25% + As 0.25% + Cm 0.5%; Mix-2: Tv 0.5% + As 0.5% + Cm 1%) were tested for their effectiveness on third-instar nymphs of Paracoccus marginatus by spraying the test materials on undetached papaya leaves and by direct spraying on the test insects using Potter spray tower. Tv extract was also applied on the test insects placed on undetached papaya leaves. The safety test was done by direct spraying of the test materials on the predatory Curinus coeruleus larvae using Potter spray tower. Tv and As extracts at a concentration of 1% each are potential to be used for the control of P. marginatus. Spraying of T. vogelii extract on the test P. marginatus nymphs placed on papaya leaves was more effective than spraying of the test materials on papaya leaves or direct spraying on the test insects only. The treatment with Cm essential oil required twice the concentration of Tv and As extracts to obtain the same level of effectiveness. The treatment with Mix-2 caused lower P. marginatus mortality than the sum of mortality caused by its components applied separately. Nonetheless, the three botanical insecticides and their mixtures were safe to C. coeruleus larvae. On the other hand, although the synthetic insecticide imidacloprid (neonicotinoid), included in the study for comparison, was effective against P. marginatus, it was also toxic to the predatory C. coeruleus larvae so its use should be avoided or limited.

Kajian Potensi Predator Coccinellidae untuk Pengendalian Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) pada Cabai Merah

<p>Kutukebul Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) merupakan hama penting pada pertanaman cabai merah dansatu-satunya penular virus Gemini (virus kuning). Virus kuning keriting yang disebabkan oleh virus Gemini sekarang menjadiepidemik di berbagai daerah seperti Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, DI Yogyakarta, Sumatera Utara, dan Lampung, dengan intensitasserangan antara 20 sampai 100%. Tujuan penelitian untuk mendapatkan predator dari jenis Coccinellidae yang benar-benar efektifuntuk mengendalikan B. tabaci pada pertanaman sayuran khususnya cabai merah. Kajian potensi Coccinellidae sebagai predatorB. tabaci dilaksanakan pada tiga tahap percobaan, yaitu eksplorasi predator, uji daya pemangsaan, dan uji preferensi. Eksplorasipredator dilaksanakan dengan metode survei di tiga provinsi sentra produksi cabai merah dan daerah endemi penyakit virus kuningyaitu Jawa Barat (Kabupaten Cirebon dan Garut), Jawa Tengah (Kabupaten Brebes dan Magelang), dan DI Yogyakarta (KabupatenBantul dan Sleman). Eksplorasi predator dilakukan dengan mengumpulkan secara langsung serangga yang diduga sebagai predator(pendugaan predator berdasarkan pengamatan dan studi literatur), kemudian di inventarisasi dan diuji keefektifannya sebagai musuhalami melalui uji daya pemangsaan dan preferensi terhadap B. tabaci dan hama kutu daun cabai lainnya. Penelitian dilaksanakan ditiga provinsi, yaitu Jawa Barat (Kabupaten Cirebon dan Garut), Jawa Tengah (Kabupaten Brebes dan Magelang), dan DI Yogyakarta(Kabupaten Bantul dan Sleman) dari bulan Mei sampai dengan September 2010. Hasil eksplorasi dan identifikasi ditemukan 11 jenispredator yang berpotensi sebagai musuh alami B. tabaci, yang terdiri atas delapan jenis dari ordo Coleoptera famili Coccinellidae yaituMenochilus sexmaculatus, Coccinella transversalis, Verania lineata, Illeis sp., Curinus coeruleus, Delphastus sp., Harmonia sp., danMenochilus sp., satu jenis dari famili Stapilinidae yaitu Paederus fuscipes, satu jenis dari ordo Hemiptera: famili Miridae (Compylommasp.), satu jenis dari ordo Neuroptera famili Hemerobiidae, dan satu jenis ordo Diptera (Condylostylus sp). Berdasarkan distribusi,kelimpahan, uji daya pemangsaan dan uji preferensi terhadap B. tabaci, maka spesies predator yang berpotensi tertinggi sebagaiagens hayati B. tabaci ialah V. lineata, kemudian diikuti oleh M. sexmaculatus dan C. transversalis (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae).Pemanfaatan predator B. tabaci potensial dapat diuji dan diaplikasikan pada skala yang lebih besar.</p><p>ABSTRACT</p><p>Whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera:Aleyrodidae) is one of important pest on vegetable crops, especially on family of Solanaceae, particularly on chili peppers.Whiteflybecomes very critical pest because it become an important vector for Gemini virus. Many regions in West Java, Central Java,Yogyakarta, South Sumatera, and Lampung became endemic of leafroll yellow virus caused by Gemini virus in the recent year withdisease intensity from 20 till 100%. Objective of this research was to obtain potential and effective predators to control B. tabacifrom West Java, Central Java, and Yogyakarta. Study of Coccinellidae potency as natural enemy to control B. tabaci have beendone through three stages started from predator exploration, predation, and preference test. Predators exploration was done in chilipepper production centre area in three province, namely West Java (Cirebon and Garut Districts), Central Java (Brebes and MagelangDistrict), and Yogyakarta (Bantul and Sleman District). Those areas were choosen as exploration area because beside as chili peppersproduction centre areas, they were also indicated as Gemini virus endemic area. Predator exploration was done by collecting insectsthat were indicated as predator (based on literature study). Predators that found in this exploration then be identified and tested fortheir effectiveness as natural enemies (predation and preference test). From the exploration and identification, there were found11 species of predator, nine of eleven predator were member of Coleoptera (eight of them were member of family Coccinellidae,namely Menochilus sexmaculatus, Coccinella transversalis, Verania lineata, Illeis sp., Curinus coeruleus, Delphastus sp., Harmoniasp., Menochilus sp., and one of them was include in family of Staphylinidae Paederus fuscipes. We also find one species fromordo Hemiptera, i.e. member of Miridae family: Compylomma sp., one species from ordo Neuroptera, family Hemerobiidae, andone species from ordo Diptera (Condylostylus sp). Based on distribution, severity and effectiveness test, it could be concluded thatpredator species which have the highest potency as natural agent for controlling B. tabaci were V. lineata, M. sexmaculatus, and C.transversalis (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae). The use of B. tabaci high potential predators can be tested and applied in higher scale.The use of B. tabaci high potential predators can be tested and applied in higher scale.</p>

Nectar for Plant Defense: The Feeding of the Non-Native Coccinellid Beetle, Curinus coeruleus, on Extra-Floral Nectaries of Hawaiian Native Hibiscus Brackenridgei

The interaction between the non-native coccinellid beetle, Curinus coeruleus Mulsant, and the Hawaiian native plant Hibiscus brackenridgei A. Gray, was investigated on Kauai, HI. The presence of extra floral nectar appears to maintain the beetle presence on the plant. Because coccinellid beetles are predators on insects that are damaging to plants, beetle presence may increase plant fitness. Beetles were found feeding heavily on the extra floral nectaries of the Hibiscus. An examination of the beetle mouth parts with scanning electron microscopy revealed no structures specifically adapted for the consumption of nectar. The sensory ability of the coccinellids was tested to determine if they respond to visual or olfactory cues to detect the nectar. Studies with an eight-armed air-flow olfactometer concluded there was no olfactory cue. Tracing the pathways of beetles in laboratory experiments yielded results that suggest a visual cue. The extra floral nectaries are concluded to be a potential mechanism to maintain beetle presence on a plant to provide defense against herbivores.

Lama hidup, Keperidian, serta Kemampuan Memangsa Curinus coeruleus Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) terhadap Bemisia tabaci gennadius (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui lama hidup pada setiap tahap perkembangan dan keperidian Curinus coeruleus serta kemampuan memangsa C. coeruleus terhadap berbagai kepadatan nimfa Bemisia tabaci. Metode yang digunakan dalam percobaan ini yaitu Rancangan Acak Kelompok Pola Faktorial, yang terdiri dari 2 faktor, yaitu: faktor tahap perkembangan predator C.coeruleus (larva instar-1, larva instar-2, larva instar-3, larva instar-4, imago betina dan imago jantan) dan faktor kepadatan mangsa nimfa B. tabaci (60, 120, dan 240 ekor mangsa). Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa lama stadium larva instar-1 C. coeruleus berkisar antara 8–10 hari, larva instar-2 berkisar 4–6 hari, larva instar-3 berkisar 5–8 hari, larva instar-4 berkisar 9–12 hari, prapupa berkisar 2–3 hari, pupa berkisar 6–8 hari, lama hidup imago betina berkisar 63 – 76 hari dan lama hidup imago jantan berkisar antara 52–69 hari. Kemampuan C. coeruleus meletakkan telur selama hidupnya berkisar antara 11–116 butir dengan persentase penetasan telur 54,55–81,03%, peletakan telur terjadi 2–6 kali. Masa inkubasi telur berkisar antara 6–7 hari. Jumlah pemangsaan tertinggi terjadi pada perlakuan larva instar-4 dengan kepadatan mangsa 240 ekor nimfa B. tabaci, yaitu rata-rata 102,5 ekor nimfa B. tabaci larva-1 hari-1.

Ocorrência e Distribuição de Coccinelídeos (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) Associados às Plantas Cítricas no Estado do Rio de Janeiro

O estudo objetivou registrar a ocorrência, flutuação populacional das espécies de coccinelídeos e delinear a distribuição geográfica (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) associados as plantas cítricas no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Foram visitados 11 municípios situados em duas regiões do Estado do Rio de Janeiro: Baixada Fluminense e Região das Baixadas Litorâneas (Região Citrícola). O período de estudo foi de janeiro de 2000 a junho de 2001. Os coccinelídeos foram observados, coletados, conservados e identificados. Desta forma 11 espécies foram observadas no Estado. Os municípios com maior ocorrência de espécies foi Seropédica e Araruama e com menor ocorrência foram São Pedro da Aldeia, Iguaba Grande, Tanguá e Itaboraí. A espécie que se verificou com maior distribuição foi Pentilia egena (Mulsant, 1850), presente em 10 municípios, e com menor distribuição foi Curinus coeruleus Mulsant 1850, presente em apenas um município. Quando avaliada a flutuação populacional, houve uma tendência na redução da população nos meses mais frios (inverno), sendo P. egena a espécie com maior média populacional (40%) e espécies dominantes juntamente com Azya luteipes Mulsant 1850. No período de estudo a diversidade de espécies foi considerada relativamente alta (α= 3,91) quando avaliada através do índice de Margalef e Shanon-Wiener (H'= 0,81), sendo considerada uma diversidade relativamente alta. Occurrence and Distribution of Coccinelids (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) Associates at the Citrus Plants in Rio de Janeiro State Abstract. This work aimed to register the occurrence, study the population fluctuation the ladybeetles species and to delineate the geographic distribution (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) associated at citrus plants in Rio de Janeiro State. 11 districts situated in two regions of the Rio de Janeiro State were visited: "Baixada Fluminense" and "Região das Baixadas Litorâneas (Região Citrícola)". The study period was January 2000 to June 2001. The coccinellids was observed, collected, conserved, and identified. This way 11 species they were observed on State. The districts to larger species occurrence were Seropédica, and Araruama and to species lower was São Pedro da Aldeia, Iguaba Grande, Tanguá, Itaboraí, Natividade e Porciúncula. The species that it was verified in larger distribution were Pentilia egena (Mulsant, 1850), present in 10 districts, and with smaller distribution it was Curinus coeruleus Mulsant 1850, present in just only one district. When evaluated population fluctuation, there was a tendency in the reduction of the population in coldest (winter) moths, being P. egena the specie com average larger populational (40%) and dominant specie together with Azya luteipes Mulsant 1850. In study period the species diversity was high (α= 3.91) when evaluated through Margalef and Shanon-Wiener index's (H'=0.81), being considered a relatively high diversity.