Anatomy of the sporophyte of Anemia phyllitidis var. phyllitidis (Anemiaceae) from a riparian forest (Tucumán, Argentina)

Background and Aims: In Argentina seven species of the genus Anemia are recognized; one of them, A. phyllitidis, has two varieties. The anatomical records for A. phyllitidis var. phyllitidis are scarce and refer to the ontogeny of stomata, epidermis structure and type of petiole stele. This variety, which occurs in riparian forests, is affected by the increase of seasonal ecological pressures. There is scarce information about its sporophyte anatomy; hence, the aim of this work was to characterize it.Methods: Five specimens were collected from the margin of the El Parque stream (Tucumán-Argentina). A part was herborized and the other part was fixed in FAA. Subsequently, conventional histological techniques were used and stoma density and size of stomata and trichomes were determined. Histochemical tests were performed to detect starch (lugol) and phenolic compounds (10% ferric chloride).Key results: Anemia phyllitidis var. phyllitidis shows diarch roots and dictyostelic rhizome covered with glandular trichomes. The petiole is covered by glandular trichomes, epidermis and subepidermis composed of lignified fibers, vascular bundle with phloem surrounding xylem, two-layered pericycle surrounded by endodermis and cortical tissue with starch and phenolic compounds. Sterile pinnae have pericytic, anomocytic, and desmocytic stomata (mean size 49.8 µm × 38.7 µm); glandular trichomes; dorsoventral hypostomatic lamina, vascular bundles with pericycle and endodermis. Fertile pinnae are anatomically similar to the rachis. Silica is present in some epidermal cells of the different organs.Conclusions: The sporophyte of A. phyllitidis var. phyllitidis showed anatomical, morphological and physiological traits that reveal its adaptation to the riparian habitat where it grows. At the same time, the description of this variety is deepened and unpublished data for the genus are provided, such as the presence of stegmata in the fertile pinnae.

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Anatomical characters of the medicinal leaf and stem of Gymnanthemum amygdalinum (Delile) Sch.Bip. ex Walp. (Asteraceae)

Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.1590/s1984-82502013000400011 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 49 (4) ◽

pp. 719-727 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Márcia do Rocio Duarte ◽

Ariane Gonçalves Silva

Keyword(s):

Sesquiterpene Lactones ◽

Glandular Trichomes ◽

Folk Medicine ◽

Bioactive Metabolites ◽

Vascular Bundles ◽

Medicinal Species ◽

Convex Shape ◽

Leaf Surfaces ◽

Anomocytic Stomata ◽

Histochemical Tests

Gymnanthemum amygdalinum (Delile) Sch.Bip. ex Walp. (Asteraceae), better known by its former name Vernonia amygdalina Delile, is a small shrub used in folk medicine as an antipyretic, laxative, antimalarial and anthelmintic. Studies have demonstrated that different vegetal extracts possess antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiparasitic activities. Among the bioactive metabolites, there are sesquiterpene lactones, saponins, polyphenols and flavonoids. This study investigated the leaf and stem microscopic characters of G. amygdalinum, aiming to expand the knowledge on this medicinal species and indicate anatomical structures. Plant material was fixed and sectioned by freehand and using a microtome. The sections were either stained or underwent standard histochemical tests. Scanning electron microscopy was performed to investigate epidermal relief. The leaf is amphistomatic with anomocytic stomata. There are striate cuticle, glandular and non-glandular trichomes and dorsiventral mesophyll. In transverse section, the midrib and the petiole have a plano-convex shape. Both show several collateral vascular bundles and few crystals of calcium oxalate. In the stem, the epidermis persists and the phellogen has a peripheral origin. It presents typical endodermis and sclerenchymatic caps adjoining the phloem. The aspects that contribute to characterizing the species are stomata on both leaf surfaces, midrib and petiole features, the endodermis and sclerenchymatic caps in the stem, as well as the different types of trichome on both aerial organs.

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Calicinal trichomes of Adenocalymma magnificum (Bignoniaceae) producing lipophilic substances: ultrastructural and functional aspects

Revista de Biología Tropical ◽

10.15517/rbt.v63i2.15747 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 63 (2) ◽

pp. 537 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Thália Do Socorro Serra Gama ◽

Diego Demarco ◽

Ana Cristina Andrade de Aguiar-Dias

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽

Glandular Trichomes ◽

Light And Electron Microscopy ◽

Secretory Cells ◽

Flower Buds ◽

Functional Aspects ◽

Capitate Trichomes ◽

Histochemical Tests ◽

Lipophilic Substances

Plant structures that secrete lipids and phenolic compounds are often associated with the protection and development of organs against desiccation, in addition to the protection they provide against animals, as the capitate trichomes of Adenocalymma magnificum. Understanding the glandular activities that occur in these trichomes has required the study of their ontogeny, structure, ultrastructure and histochemical aspects; the interpretation of their ecological functions or evolutionary history is complicated by the scarcity of reports on calicinal trichomes that are not nectar-secreting. Samples of floral calyx in anthesis and flower buds at different stages of development were fixed and processed according to the methods for light and electron microscopy. The trichomes are randomly distributed throughout the entire inner surface of the calyx and are also visible on the flower buds. These capitate glandular trichomes were composed of a peduncle, having up to nine cells, and a multicellular secretory head with their cells in columnar format and arranged in disc form. The collar cell, which is under the secretory head, divides anticlinally and arranges itself side by side with the mother cell. As they develop, they bend with some of them becoming adpressed to the calyx. Histochemical tests indicate that the secretory head cells produce lipid substances, acidic lipids and phenolic compounds. In the secretory head, the vacuome is dispersed and the cytoplasm possesses a great number of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and leucoplasts, organelles involved in the production of osmiophilic substances. In some regions of the secretory cells, cuticle detachment was observed; however, the accumulation of secretions was not observed. This study describes, for the first time, the origin, development, and secretion process of the calicinal trichomes of Adenocalymma magnificum, showing that production of lipophilic substances is important for this plant, possibly the trichomes may be involved in the plant’s chemical defense against insects, offering protection against herbivores.

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What are the "sticky rings" on stems of Anulocaulis and related taxa (Nyctaginaceae) from arid regions?

Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas ◽

10.17348/jbrit.v13.i2.803 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 477-485

Author(s):

Israel Lopes da Cunha Neto ◽

Veronica Angyalossy ◽

Norman A. Douglas

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Light Microscopy ◽

Arid Regions ◽

Glandular Trichomes ◽

Epidermal Cells ◽

Chemical Components ◽

Histochemical Tests ◽

Cytoplasmic Content ◽

Stem Development ◽

First Time

Anulocaulis, commonly known as “ringstem,” is a small, unusual genus restricted to the Chihuahuan, Sonoran, and Mojave deserts of North America. Here we combined light microscopy and histochemical tests to characterize for the first time the “sticky structures” (here called secretory rings) found on the stem internodes of Anulocaulis. The secretory rings were shown to be groups of epidermal cells, or unicellular glandular trichomes, which largely differ from their neighboring cells both in structure and histochemistry. The cells start to differentiate in early stages of stem development. They begin as regular epidermal cells, but later their anticlinal and external tangential walls start to enlarge. At maturity the cells become remarkably elongated, even balloon-like, with dense cytoplasmic content. Although the secretory rings have been reported as “mucilaginous structures” based on morphological observations, preliminary histochemical analyses showed that its exudate is complex, including a mixture of mucilage, proteins, and phenolic compounds. Future investigations are needed to compare the anatomy of the secretory rings within related genera of Nyctaginaceae and characterize the chemical components of their exudate more specifically to search for potential homologies and adaptive functions of these structures.

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МОРФОЛОГО-АНАТОМІЧНА БУДОВА ТРАВИ ВЕРОНІКИ ЛІКАРСЬКОЇ (VERONICA OFFICINALIS L.)

Фармацевтичний часопис ◽

10.11603/2312-0967.2015.3.4929 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

С. М. Марчишин ◽

І. І. Мілян ◽

Л. М. Сіра

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Average Rate ◽

Glandular Trichomes ◽

Anatomical Structure ◽

Epidermal Cells ◽

Perennial Herb ◽

Medium Size ◽

Vascular Bundles ◽

Lower Epidermis ◽

Side Walls

MORPHOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF HERB VERONICA OFFICINALIS (VERONICA OFFICINALIS L.)S.M. Marchyshyn, I.I. MilianSHEI "Ternopil State I.Ya.HorbachevckyiMedicalUniversityof Ministry of Public Health ofUkraine"Veronica officinalis - a perennial herb 10-30 cm long, with clambering, branched stem at the base, which forms a timber. Stems are covered with dense short hairs. Leaves narrow into short petiole, inverse-ovate, dentate- serrated, slightly rough. Multifloral, flowering clusters grow from one bosom of two opposite leaves. The flowers are pale blue with a purple tinge, rarely white. The plant has astringent taste, fresh - without odor, dried - has a pleasant smell. It flowers in June - August.Botanics refer Veronica officinalis to the family of Plantaginaceae (Scrophulariaceae), but its family is called veronica’s because there are so much Veronica’s species in the world.Microscopic analysis of grass Veronica officinalis L.Stem. The cross sections is round, uniformly pubescent. External walls of epidermal cells with finely cuticle, stomata and little rosettes opaque multicellular hairs. Beamless anatomical structure is clearly separated by a narrow ring of the central cylinder.On the preparations with basic surface epidermis stem cells with thin, straight side walls, slanted and radial thickened, warted outer shells. Basic cells occur between small and big oval idioblasts with clear content. Occasionally narrow oval anomocytic stomata complexes, surrounded by 4-5 cells are observed. Simple and glandular trichomes are placed evenly, but not densely. Simple hairs are narrow, elongated, uniseriate, multicellular, slightly elevated with sharp shape formed 6-8 straight-walled, square-rounded cells.Leaves. The cells of the upper and lower epidermis of medium size, thin or thick beaded, more or less winding side walls and moderately thick outside, covered with soft folded cuticle membranes. Epidermal cells of veins elongated, shell straight or slightly wavy, with small bulges and chotkopodibnymy folded cuticle. Stomata spherical-oval, anomocytic, they are more in the lower epidermis. Simple and glandular trichomes the structure are the same as on the stems and sepals.Leaf blade is thin, dorsoventral, mesophillous clearly differentiated, moderately layered, with an average rate of palisadity. Columnar single layer clorenchyma has wide cells, accumulating phenolic compounds. Sponge mesophillous is 3-4 layer.The main vein and lateral veins of first order are thin, with a parenchyma facing, which contains phenolic compounds and thin, mostly ladder-shaped and porous tracheids and vessels. Phloem is accompanied sclerenchyma cord.Its short petoole has triangular shape, a leading system consists of one central and two lateral small vascular bundles.Perianth parts.Sepals are more hairy on the edge with typical for other parts simple hairs and glandular specific trichomes. they cover The base of leaves is covered abundantly, with one or two-cell yellow oval heads and a long two- or three-cell which is usually bent in arc-like way. Epidermal cells are with longitudinal folds cuticle.Conclusion. Morphological and anatomical characteristics of grass Veronica officinalis L. and the main morphological and anatomical structural diagnostic features of its stems, leaves, perianth are studies, what will be used in the design of quality control methodology " herb Veronica оfficinalis”.

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Histochemical and Phytochemical Analysis of Lamium album subsp. album L. Corolla: Essential Oil, Triterpenes, and Iridoids

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26144166 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (14) ◽

pp. 4166

Author(s):

Agata Konarska ◽

Elżbieta Weryszko-Chmielewska ◽

Anna Matysik-Woźniak ◽

Aneta Sulborska ◽

Beata Polak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

High Performance ◽

Glandular Trichomes ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Lipophilic Compounds ◽

Histochemical Tests ◽

Microscopy Techniques ◽

Trichome Types ◽

First Time

The aim of this study was to conduct a histochemical analysis to localize lipids, terpenes, essential oil, and iridoids in the trichomes of the L. album subsp. album corolla. Morphometric examinations of individual trichome types were performed. Light and scanning electron microscopy techniques were used to show the micromorphology and localization of lipophilic compounds and iridoids in secretory trichomes with the use of histochemical tests. Additionally, the content of essential oil and its components were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Qualitative analyses of triterpenes carried out using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) coupled with densitometric detection, and the iridoid content expressed as aucubin was examined with spectrophotometric techniques. We showed the presence of iridoids and different lipophilic compounds in papillae and glandular and non-glandular trichomes. On average, the flowers of L. album subsp. album yielded 0.04 mL/kg of essential oil, which was dominated by aldehydes, sesquiterpenes, and alkanes. The extract of the L. album subsp. album corolla contained 1.5 × 10−3 ± 4.3 × 10−4 mg/mL of iridoid aucubin and three triterpenes: oleanolic acid, β-amyrin, and β-amyrin acetate. Aucubin and β-amyrin acetate were detected for the first time. We suggest the use of L. album subsp. album flowers as supplements in human nutrition.

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Anatomical and histochemical aspects of zigotic embryo and leaves in 'Coqueiro Anão'

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/s0103-84782010005000063 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 867-872

Author(s):

Marlucia Cruz de Santana ◽

Margarete Magalhães Souza ◽

Telma Nair Santana Pereira ◽

Sílvio Lopes Teixeira

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Calcium Oxalate ◽

Positive Reaction ◽

Cocos Nucifera ◽

Histochemical Staining ◽

Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽

Histochemical Tests ◽

Acidic Compounds ◽

Insoluble Polysaccharides

The paper provides information about histochemical staining reactions in leaves and embryos of 'Coqueiro Anão' (Cocos nucifera). It was compared in vitro coconut and autotrophic palm leaves. Reactions for insoluble polysaccharides and acidic compounds, protein, extractable lipids, lignin and other classes of compounds were tested using histochemical tests. None sample gave positive reaction for lignin and phenolic compounds. All the samples gave positive reaction for protein, starch and insoluble polysaccharides while acidic compounds were positive only in in vitro leaves. Both in vitro and autotrophic leaves gave positive reaction for lipids showing presence of cuticle even in in vitro leaves. Only autotrophic palm leaves showed idioblasts containing calcium oxalate crystals.

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Morphology and anatomy of leaf mine in Richterago riparia Roque (Asteraceae) in the campos rupestres of Serra do Cipó, Brazil

Brazilian Journal of Biology ◽

10.1590/s1519-69842002000100020 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 62 (1) ◽

pp. 179-185 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

G. F. A. MELO DE PINNA ◽

J. E. KRAUS ◽

N. L. de MENEZES

Keyword(s):

Host Plant ◽

Vascular System ◽

Glandular Trichomes ◽

Protective Layer ◽

Vascular Bundles ◽

Campos Rupestres ◽

Structural Alterations ◽

Serra Do Cipó ◽

Phenolic Substances

The leaf mine in Richterago riparia is caused by a lepidopteran larva (lepidopteronome). The leaves of R. riparia show campdodrome venation; the epidermis is unistratified, with stomata and glandular trichomes in adaxial and abaxial surfaces. The mesophyll is bilateral and the vascular system is collateral. During the formation of the mine, the larva consumes the chlorenchyma of the mesophyll and the smaller vascular bundles (veins of third and fourth orders). Structural alterations in the tissues of the host plant were not observed, except for the formation of a wound meristem and the presence of cells with phenolic substances next to the mine. Three cephalic exuviae of the miner were found in the mesophyll. This lepidopteronome is parenchymatic and the epidermis remains intact, but forms a protective layer for the mining insect.

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Biology and development of galls induced by Lopesia sp. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on leaves of Mimosa gemmulata (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae)

Australian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1071/bt17099 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 66 (2) ◽

pp. 161 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Elaine Cotrim Costa ◽

Renê Gonçalves da Silva Carneiro ◽

Juliana Santos Silva ◽

Rosy Mary dos Santos Isaias

Keyword(s):

Growth And Development ◽

Glandular Trichomes ◽

Early Growth ◽

Vascular Bundles ◽

Nutritive Tissue ◽

Development Stages ◽

First Instar ◽

Galling Insects ◽

Late Growth

Analyses of gall biology and development allow determination of morphogenesis events in host-plant organs that are altered by galling insects. Currently, we assume that there is a correlation between Lopesia sp. instars and the alterations in gall tissues on Mimosa gemmulata that generate the gall shape. The development of Lopesia sp. (three larval instars, pupae and adult) correlates positively with gall growth, especially on the anticlinal axis. First-instar larvae are found in galls at the stage of induction, Instar 2 in galls at early growth and development, Instar 3 in galls at late growth and development, pupae in galls at maturation, and the adult emerges from senescent galls. At induction, the larva stimulates cell differentiation in pinnula and pinna-rachis tissues on M. gemmulata. At early growth and development stages, cell division and expansion are increased, and non-glandular trichomes assist gall closing. Homogenous parenchyma and neoformed vascular bundles characterise late growth and development. At maturation, tissues are compartmentalised and cells achieve major expansion through elongation. At senescence, galls open by the falling of trichomes, and mechanical and nutritive cells have thickened walls. The neoformed nutritive tissue nurtures the developing Lopesia sp., whose feeding behaviour influences the direction of cell elongation, predominantly periclinal, determinant for gall bivalve shape.

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Seed ontogeny and endosperm chemical analysis in Smilax polyantha (Smilacaceae)

Australian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1071/bt12106 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 60 (8) ◽

pp. 693 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Aline Redondo Martins ◽

Sandra Maria Carmello-Guerreiro ◽

Marcos Silveira Buckeridge ◽

Clovis Oliveira Silva ◽

Beatriz Appezzato-da-Glória

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Cell Walls ◽

Folk Medicine ◽

Vascular Bundles ◽

Chemical Analyses ◽

Endosperm Cell ◽

Brazilian Cerrado ◽

Chemical Factors ◽

Histochemical Tests ◽

Mature Seeds

Smilax polyantha Grisebach is a species native to the Brazilian Cerrado biome and is known as sarsaparilla in folk medicine. Despite its popular use, little is known about the propagation of this species, which is still actively illegally exploited. The present study aims to analyse the seed ontogeny and perform endosperm chemical analyses in S. polyantha to elucidate the structural and chemical factors that could be associated with the low germination rates and structural organisation of the seed. The ovules are orthotropic and bitegmic, have short funicles, single collateral vascular bundles that end in the chalaza, and a hypostasis that is composed of chalazal and nucellar cells. The seed covering is non-multiplicative. In mature seeds, the cellularised endosperm has thick-walled cells, the embryo is small and the tegmen comprises two layers of periclinal elongated cells with a red–orange content, which are covered by a cuticle. Histochemical tests detected the presence of lipids, proteins and polysaccharides in the cellular content of mature seeds. Chemical analyses indicated 46.7% hemicellulose per total weight, 67.3% glucose, 30.7% mannose, 1.9% galactose and an absence of fucose, arabinose and rhamnose. In conclusion, the delayed seed germination in S. polyantha is associated with the seed endosperm cell walls.

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Use of image analysis for the study of phenolic compounds of the grape berry skin (Vitis vinifera L., cv Cabernet franc)

OENO One ◽

10.20870/oeno-one.2003.37.1.1681 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

pp. 61

Author(s):

Michel Chevalier ◽

Emilie Perrochon ◽

A. Clement ◽

Anne-Laure Dubot ◽

Marie Tellier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Image Analysis ◽

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Grape Berry ◽

Berry Skin ◽

Good Tool ◽

Histological Techniques ◽

Berry Skins ◽

Quantitative Results ◽

Scion Image

The localization and quantitative determination of phenolics in grape berry skins, from the onset of veraison, constitute the first step to understand the évolution of these compounds throughout the maturation process. Histological techniques are appropriate to study the evolution of phenolics but manual countings are long and drudgery and do not allow for reliable quantitative results. The image analysis software "Scion Image" proved to be a good tool to improve the quantitative results. This method permitted also to measure the cells area and the area occupied by phenolic compounds inside the vacuoles. Image analysis could be helpful to the understanding of the évolution of phenolics during maturation and possibly contribute to explain their extraction during macération.

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