scholarly journals Micromorphological character expression of the hybrid Quercus × dysophylla and its parental species (Q. crassifolia and Q. crassipes)

2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 375
Author(s):  
Alfredo López-Caamal ◽  
Luz Del Carmen Ruiz-Amaro ◽  
Armando Zepeda-Rodríguez ◽  
Patricia Mussali-Galante ◽  
Efraín Tovar-Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Parental Species ◽  
Environmental Gradients ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Diagnostic Feature ◽  
Hybrid Zones ◽  
Intermediate Phenotypes ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Micromorphological Characters ◽  
Spatial Genetic Pattern

<p><strong>Background:</strong> Hybridization leads to individuals with atypical phenotypes, leading to taxonomic confusion when hybridizing populations are studied. Micromorphological characters may enable taxonomists to discriminate between parental and hybrid categories due to their simple genetic inheritance.</p><p><strong>Species study:</strong> Three oak taxa distributed in the montane regions of the Mexico were studied: <em>Quercus crassifolia</em>, <em>Q. crassipes</em> and their hybrid <em>Q</em>. × <em>dysophylla</em>.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis:</strong> We describe the leaf micromorphological and macromorphological variation of these taxa. Specifically, we searched for a unique combination of micromorphological characters in hybrids. We hypothesize that spatial micromorphological variation will match the spatial pattern revealed by a previous genetic study.</p><p><strong>Study sites:</strong> Two allopatric stands for each parental species and seven hybrid zones were studied. Individuals within each stand were identified as belonging to parental or hybrid categories following previous genetic analyses.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> Stomata and trichome types for each taxa were determined through Scanning Electron Microscopy. Eight micromorphological characters for trichomes and stomata and four foliar macromorphological characters were measured.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found the presence of both multirradiate and simple stellate non-glandular trichomes as a diagnostic feature of <em>Q</em>. × <em>dysophylla.</em> Overall populations, <em>Q</em>. × <em>dysophylla</em> showed intermediate phenotypes in 70 % of morphological characters. However, hybrid phenotype exhibited geographical variation. Lastly, spatial hybrid’s phenotype variation did not correlate with the spatial genetic pattern previously identified.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The micromorphological features of <em>Q.</em> × <em>dysophylla</em> may enable taxonomists to accurately discriminate between this taxon and its parental species. Finally, we suggest that micromorphological expression of both parental species and hybrids may be influenced by environmental gradients and microclimates.</p>

Hybridization in natural populations of ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae)

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (8) ◽  
pp. 1783-1789 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dietrich Mossakowski ◽  
Sabine Braun ◽  
Axel Roschen
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Structure ◽  
Parental Species ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Ground Beetles ◽  
Hybrid Zones ◽  
Ecological Requirements ◽  
Dispersal Abilities ◽  
Multivariate Discriminant

We investigated 13 populations of the carabid subgenus Chrysocarabus in the Spanish mountains Sierra de Urbasa and Sierra de Andia. In some areas there were up to 16% hybrids between Carabus lineatus and Carabus splendens. Hybrids are best distinguished as individuals having combinations of morphological characters that are diagnostic for both species. Multivariate discriminant analysis showed a gap between the parental species, but hybrids were either C. lineatus-like or C. splendens-like. Experimentally produced hybrids lie in the same range as natural hybrids. Electrophoretic studies have interpretable results for eight enzymes, but only one sex-linked locus (G-6-pd) was fixed for alternative alleles in the parental species, allowing identification of only female hybrids. Analysis of proteolytic enzymes from the gut revealed one fixed difference for chymotrypsin, but the locus for this enzyme is sex-linked. Trypsin appears polymorphic at several loci and is not useful for identifying hybrids. The geographical range of overlap and hybridization is large when compared with dispersal abilities of C. lineatus and C. splendens. We suggest that the hybrid zone is broken up into a number of subzones defined by differences in habitat structure and related to specific ecological requirements of the parental species. Within each of these zones, theory developed from study of narrow hybrid zones may apply.

Morphology is a poor predictor of interspecific admixture – the case of two naturally hybridizing newts Lissotriton montandoni and Lissotriton vulgaris (Caudata: Salamandridae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 489-500
Author(s):  
Marta E. Niedzicka ◽  
Bartosz M. Głowacki ◽  
Piotr Zieliński ◽  
Wiesław Babik
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Parental Species ◽  
Genetic Admixture ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Hybrid Zones ◽  
Natural Hybrid ◽  
Secondary Sexual Traits ◽  
Lissotriton Vulgaris ◽  
Intermediate Phenotypes ◽  
Species Specific

Abstract Compared to the parental species, interspecific hybrids often show intermediate phenotypes which can affect their fitness directly and/or their attractiveness to potential mates. Lissotriton montandoni and Lissotriton vulgaris hybridize across their parapatric range along the Carpathian mountains. Hybrids are rare in natural hybrid zones, which may be related to strong assortative mating in parental species. In the present study, we investigated morphological male species-specific traits and their differentiation between both parental species and first generation of interspecific hybrids (F1), considering morphological variation between two L. vulgaris subspecies co-occurring with L. montandoni in nature: L. v. vulgaris and L. v. ampelensis. Male morphology of each group was assessed and compared based on species-specific and sexual secondary traits, selected based on the literature review. We confirmed that F1 hybrids of L. v. vulgaris and L. montandoni have an intermediate morphology between parental species. However, when morphological traits were compared with the level of genetic admixture of individuals in natural hybrid zones, we discovered that even early generations hybrids (i.e. F1 and/or F2 generation) can be similar to the parental species (especially L. v. ampelensis). As even early generations hybrids can be morphologically undistinguishable from L. v. ampelensis, sexual attractiveness of hybrids may be potentially less affected in direction of L. v. ampelensis backcrossing. Summarizing, morphology, especially morphology of male secondary sexual traits is not a reliable tool for the estimation of genetic admixture of an individual in natural populations within the hybrid zone.

scholarly journals Comparative Studying of Leaf Trichomes, Teeth and Glands in Populus nigra L., Populus deltoides W. Bartram ex Marshall and Their Hybrids

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1267
Author(s):  
Tatiana A. Feodorova ◽  
Oleg S. Alexandrov
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Glandular Trichome ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
The World ◽  
Specific Potential ◽  
Micromorphological Characters ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Trichome Types

Poplars from Aigeiros Duby section are very widespread in the world. A range of morphological characters were studied in such species of this section as Populus deltoides Bartram ex Marshall, P. nigra L. and their hybrid P. × canadensis Moench. However, there is little information about micromorphological characters of their leaves. The aim of this work was to study these characters and understand their species-specific potential. Thus, the morphological features, density and distribution of non-glandular trichoms, marginal glandular trichomes (salicoid teeth or coleters), epiglandular trichomes and basilaminar nectaries-glands were ontogenetically examined by both light and scanning electron microscopy in the certified by molecular markers P. deltoides, P. nigra and P. × canadensis samples. Non-glandular trichomes belong to the uni-, multicellular, uniseriate category. Marginal glandular trichomes can be classified as coleter types. Other morphological and anatomical trichome features are discussed with regard to their possible function. In summary, some variations in leaf morphology may be useful for the P. nigra, P. deltoides and their hybrid P. × canadensis species identification. These species differ in shape and number of basilaminar glands, as well as non-glandular trichome types and their distribution on the leaf.

New Findings on Scrophularia sect. Mimulopsis (Scrophulariaceae) from Iran

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 238-247
Author(s):  
Massoud Ranjbar ◽  
Narges Rahchamani
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Pollen Morphology ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Tehran Province ◽  
Micromorphological Characters ◽  
A New Species

Scrophularia dianatnejadii Ranjbar & Rahchamani, a new species from Tehran Province in northern Iran, is described and illustrated. It is closely related to S. amplexicaulis Benth. and shares with it some diagnostic morphological characters such as habit, plant indument, phyllotaxy, and corolla shape and color. Both species are placed in Scrophularia L. sect. Mimulopsis Boiss. Macro- and micromorphological characters of the two are examined and compared. Pollen morphology of these species is investigated using SEM. Detailed descriptions, illustrations, distribution maps, and conservation status of both species are provided.

Chloroplast DNA polymorphism reveals geographic structure and introgression in the Quercus crassifolia × Quercus crassipes hybrid complex in Mexico

Botany ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Tovar-Sánchez ◽  
P. Mussali-Galante ◽  
R. Esteban-Jiménez ◽  
D. Piñero ◽  
D. M. Arias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parental Species ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Haplotype Diversity ◽  
Hybrid Zones ◽  
Chloroplast Microsatellite ◽  
Colonization Routes ◽  
Allopatric Populations ◽  
Genetic Structure Of Populations ◽  
Hybrid Complex

Quercus crassifolia H. & B. and Quercus crassipes H. & B. are two common temperate forest species in Mexico that form hybrids when they occur in mixed (sympatric) areas. In this study, we used chloroplast microsatellite haplotypes to infer phylogeographic patterns onto the genetic structure of populations of both parental species, thus defining probable colonization routes throughout Mexico. Haplotype diversity in seven hybrid zones and four allopatric sites with nonmixed (allopatric) populations of both putative parental species was analyzed. To determine the expansion and colonization routes for the two species, we carried out a nested clade phylogeographic analysis that would allow us to infer the haplotype correspondence to a phylogeographical approach. In spite of sharing many common populations, we determined that there is a different genetic historical colonization for Q. crassipes and for Q. crassifolia. Hybrid populations had the highest levels of genetic variation (Gv), Shannon diversity index (H), and haplotype number (nh) in comparison with nonmixed/allopatric populations of their putative parentals. Furthermore, populations of hybrid zones showed the highest values of genetic differentiation FST, RST . Moreover, both species share four distinctive cpDNA haplotypes, which were most likely acquired by introgression through hybrids located in several populations throughout the Eje Neovolcánico area. This last region was confirmed to be a “hot spot” for oak diversity, a place in which different maternal lineages merged.

scholarly journals Inheritance of Biochemical and Morphological Characters Associated with Two-spotted Spider Mite Resistance in Pelargonium ×hortorum

1997 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Grazzini ◽  
Donald Walters ◽  
Jody Harmon ◽  
David J. Hesk ◽  
Diana Cox-Foster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spider Mite ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Glandular Trichome ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Spider Mites ◽  
Trichome Density ◽  
Anacardic Acids ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Two Spotted Spider Mite

Diploid zonal geraniums (Pelargonium ×hortorum) are able to resist attack by small arthropod pests such as the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) when exudate produced by tall glandular trichomes contains a high percentage of ω5-unsaturated anacardic acids. Trichomes of susceptible plants exude primarily saturated anacardic acids. Inbred mite-resistant and -susceptible geraniums were reciprocally crossed and the F1, F2, and backcross generations were examined for anacardic acid composition and trichome density. Selected F2 plants were bioassayed for resistance to two-spotted spider mites. High concentrations of ω5-unsaturated anacardic acids in resistant plants are conditioned by a single dominant allele. We propose that inheritance of tall glandular trichome density can be controlled by a small number of loci (possibly as few as one) exhibiting codominance. F2, with low densities of tall glandular trichomes and producing ω5-unsaturated anacardic acids, displayed effective resistance to two-spotted spider mites as measured by mite mortality and fecundity. A genetic model for the biosynthesis of anacardic acids is proposed.

scholarly journals Revision of the extinct Pleistocene tortoise Testudo lunellensis Almera and Bofill, 1903 from Cova de Gràcia (Barcelona, Spain)

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimo Delfino ◽  
Àngel H. Luján ◽  
Raül Carmona ◽  
David M. Alba
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Shell Morphology ◽  
Valid Species ◽  
Middle Pleistocene ◽  
Diagnostic Feature ◽  
Testudo Graeca ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
Mosaic Distribution

Testudo lunellensis Almera and Bofill, 1903 from the Middle Pleistocene of Cova de Gràcia (Park Güell, Barcelona, Spain) is a valid species belonging to the clade of the extant Testudo hermanni – a diagnostic feature being the narrowed vertebral scutes. Thanks to still unpublished material, T. lunellensis is diagnosed for the first time and its shell morphology described in detail. This species is uniquely characterized, among others, by tall peripheral bones and by a peculiar shape of the anterior lobe of the plastron, somewhat recalling the species referred to Testudo s.s. (the clade containing the extant species Testudo graeca, Testudo kleinmanni and Testudo marginata). Given that the purported valid species from Lunel-Viel (Middle Pleistocene, France) is still unnamed and undescribed, T. lunellensis from Cova de Gràcia is currently the stratigraphically youngest extinct Testudo species. The co-occurrence in T. lunellensis of characters typical of both T. hermanni and Testudo s.s. further testifies the phenotypic plasticity of tortoises and the mosaic distribution of morphological characters, which hinders a clear-cut assessment of the relationships of extant tortoises when based exclusively on morphology. Further analyses of the phylogeny of Testudo should consider fossil and extant taxa together, as well as both morphological and genetic characters.

Diplazoptilon (Asteraceae) is merged with Saussurea based on evidence from morphology and molecular systematics

Phytotaxa ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 236 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Yuan ◽  
Yanchao Bi ◽  
Yousheng Chen
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Systematics ◽  
Pollen Morphology ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Systematic Position ◽  
Monotypic Genus ◽  
Molecular Analyses ◽  
Molecular Studies ◽  
Micromorphological Characters

Diplazoptilon is a monotypic genus belonging to the Saussurea group (Asteraceae, Cardueae). We undertake micromorphological and molecular studies to discuss the systematic position of this genus. The achene of Diplazoptilon picridifolium is obconical, 4-angled, with a small crown on the apical rim. The pollen of D. picridifolium are spheroidal, narrowly tricolpate, with the exine reticulate and shortly spinulate. The micromorphological characters of D. picridifolium are well in accordance with those of the genus Saussurea. Our molecular analyses demonstrate that Diplazoptilon and Saussurea form a strongly supported clade. Taking into account the great similarities in achene, pappus and pollen morphology between Diplazoptilon and Saussurea, it is reasonable to merge Diplazoptilon with Saussurea. From our molecular work and the gross-morphological characters, D. picridifolium should be a member of Saussurea subgen. Saussurea sect. Strictae. There are more than one species with a plumose outer pappus in the genus Saussurea, and the occurrences the plumose outer pappus in the genus Saussurea may have had parallel origins.

scholarly journals Influence of Niche Overlap and Territoriality on Hybridization Between Hermit Warblers and Townsend's Warblers

The Auk ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott F. Pearson ◽  
David A. Manuwal
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Use ◽  
Hybrid Zone ◽  
Parental Species ◽  
Niche Overlap ◽  
Habitat Characteristics ◽  
Hybrid Zones ◽  
Parental Fitness ◽  
Habitat Transition ◽  
Habitat Variables ◽  
Washington Cascades

Abstract Hybrid zones between Townsend's Warblers (Dendroica townsendi) and Hermit Warblers (D. occidentalis) in the Pacific Northwest are narrow relative to estimated dispersal distances and appear to be moving, with Townsend's replacing Hermits. We examined whether the habitat-transition and parental-fitness asymmetry models can explain why these zones are narrow and moving by comparing habitat variables associated with warbler territories in the Washington Cascades hybrid zone. Habitat variables did not differ among phenotypes, suggesting that the habitat-transition model cannot explain the narrow and dynamic nature of this hybrid zone. Habitat characteristics of Hermit Warbler territories did not differ inside versus outside the hybrid zone, also suggesting that this zone is not associated with a region of habitat transition. The lack of difference in habitat use could be the result of comparing variables that are not important to pairing success. However, warblers tended to select territories on west-southwest aspects. South aspects in the southern Washington Cascades are dominated by Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and true fir, which is a habitat selected by female warblers when choosing among territories and males. The parental-fitness asymmetry model does not necessarily make predictions about habitat use within the hybrid zone but predicts the superiority of one parental species over the other. However, if significant overlap occurs in habitat use or niche (as in these warblers), then competition between parental species is likely to occur. To determine whether these species compete, we mapped 12 warbler territories and monitored an additional 94 territories throughout the breeding season and found that all males with neighbors compete for and hold exclusive territories. Thus, the pattern of habitat use and territoriality is consistent with the parental-fitness asymmetry model.

Lichen synusiae in East Antarctica (Schirmacher Oasis and Larsemann Hills): substratum and morphological preferences

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Himanshu Rai ◽  
Roshni Khare ◽  
Sanjeeva Nayaka ◽  
Dalip Kumar Upreti ◽  
Rajan K. Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Growth Form ◽  
Environmental Gradients ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
East Antarctica ◽  
Plant Distribution ◽  
Larsemann Hills ◽  
Schirmacher Oasis ◽  
Study Sites

Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems experience some of the most extreme growth conditions, where plant distribution is determined by favourable environmental gradients of temperature and moisture along with micro-topography of habitats. Lichens are among the most tolerant symbiotic organisms which constitute dominant component in the terrestrial biota of Antarctica. There are various studies dealing with patterns of lichen diversity of various regions of Antarctica are done but in east Antarctica such studies are scanty. Lichen synusiae of Schirmacher Oasis and McLeod Island, Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica were studied in order to determine their morphological and substratum affinities. The Lichen synusiae of the study sites was represented by 71 species, 24 genera and 13 families in Schirmacher Oasis and 27 species, 18 genera and 10 families in McLeod Island, Larsemann Hills. Hierarchical cluster analysis of lichen communities on the basis of growth form diversity and substratum occurrence showed that crustose growth form and saxicolous (on rock, stones and moraines) habitat were the most preferred, in both study sites. The study presents a representative account of morphological and substratum preference patterns in lichen synusiae of east Antarctica, which can be of fundamental importance for future lichenological investigation in the region.

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