Chloroplast DNA polymorphism reveals geographic structure and introgression in the Quercus crassifolia × Quercus crassipes hybrid complex in Mexico

Quercus crassifolia H. & B. and Quercus crassipes H. & B. are two common temperate forest species in Mexico that form hybrids when they occur in mixed (sympatric) areas. In this study, we used chloroplast microsatellite haplotypes to infer phylogeographic patterns onto the genetic structure of populations of both parental species, thus defining probable colonization routes throughout Mexico. Haplotype diversity in seven hybrid zones and four allopatric sites with nonmixed (allopatric) populations of both putative parental species was analyzed. To determine the expansion and colonization routes for the two species, we carried out a nested clade phylogeographic analysis that would allow us to infer the haplotype correspondence to a phylogeographical approach. In spite of sharing many common populations, we determined that there is a different genetic historical colonization for Q. crassipes and for Q. crassifolia. Hybrid populations had the highest levels of genetic variation (Gv), Shannon diversity index (H), and haplotype number (nh) in comparison with nonmixed/allopatric populations of their putative parentals. Furthermore, populations of hybrid zones showed the highest values of genetic differentiation FST, RST . Moreover, both species share four distinctive cpDNA haplotypes, which were most likely acquired by introgression through hybrids located in several populations throughout the Eje Neovolcánico area. This last region was confirmed to be a “hot spot” for oak diversity, a place in which different maternal lineages merged.

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Influence of Niche Overlap and Territoriality on Hybridization Between Hermit Warblers and Townsend's Warblers

The Auk ◽

10.1093/auk/117.1.175 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 117 (1) ◽

pp. 175-183 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Scott F. Pearson ◽

David A. Manuwal

Keyword(s):

Habitat Use ◽

Hybrid Zone ◽

Parental Species ◽

Niche Overlap ◽

Habitat Characteristics ◽

Hybrid Zones ◽

Parental Fitness ◽

Habitat Transition ◽

Habitat Variables ◽

Washington Cascades

Abstract Hybrid zones between Townsend's Warblers (Dendroica townsendi) and Hermit Warblers (D. occidentalis) in the Pacific Northwest are narrow relative to estimated dispersal distances and appear to be moving, with Townsend's replacing Hermits. We examined whether the habitat-transition and parental-fitness asymmetry models can explain why these zones are narrow and moving by comparing habitat variables associated with warbler territories in the Washington Cascades hybrid zone. Habitat variables did not differ among phenotypes, suggesting that the habitat-transition model cannot explain the narrow and dynamic nature of this hybrid zone. Habitat characteristics of Hermit Warbler territories did not differ inside versus outside the hybrid zone, also suggesting that this zone is not associated with a region of habitat transition. The lack of difference in habitat use could be the result of comparing variables that are not important to pairing success. However, warblers tended to select territories on west-southwest aspects. South aspects in the southern Washington Cascades are dominated by Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and true fir, which is a habitat selected by female warblers when choosing among territories and males. The parental-fitness asymmetry model does not necessarily make predictions about habitat use within the hybrid zone but predicts the superiority of one parental species over the other. However, if significant overlap occurs in habitat use or niche (as in these warblers), then competition between parental species is likely to occur. To determine whether these species compete, we mapped 12 warbler territories and monitored an additional 94 territories throughout the breeding season and found that all males with neighbors compete for and hold exclusive territories. Thus, the pattern of habitat use and territoriality is consistent with the parental-fitness asymmetry model.

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Hybridization between northern redbelly dace (Phoxinus eos) and finescale dace (Phoxinus neogaeus) (Osteichthyes: Cyprinidae) in Alberta

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z89-083 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 67 (3) ◽

pp. 579-584 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Mrinal K. Das ◽

Joseph S. Nelson

Keyword(s):

Principal Components ◽

Parental Species ◽

Introgressive Hybridization ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Allopatric Populations ◽

Canonical Variates ◽

Female Hybrid ◽

Hybrid Group

Hybridization between northern redbelly dace (Phoxinus eos) and finescale dace (Phoxinus neogaeus) was studied in Upper Pierre Grey Lake, Alberta. Sympatric parental and hybrid populations were compared with allopatric populations from Cameron Lake and Tay Lake, Alberta. Canonical variates and principal components analyses, using 31 morphological characters, revealed that the two parental groups were bridged by an intermediate all-female hybrid group in Upper Pierre Grey Lake. Hybrids made up approximately 33% of the individuals of the sympatic population. Neither backcross nor hybrid F2 individuals could be identified from the analyses, although the majority of hybrids were morphologically more similar to P. neogaeus than to P. eos. No clear evidence of introgressive hybridization was found in either of the sympatric parental species.

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Micromorphological character expression of the hybrid Quercus × dysophylla and its parental species (Q. crassifolia and Q. crassipes)

Botanical Sciences ◽

10.17129/botsci.875 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 95 (3) ◽

pp. 375

Author(s):

Alfredo López-Caamal ◽

Luz Del Carmen Ruiz-Amaro ◽

Armando Zepeda-Rodríguez ◽

Patricia Mussali-Galante ◽

Efraín Tovar-Sánchez

Keyword(s):

Parental Species ◽

Environmental Gradients ◽

Glandular Trichomes ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Diagnostic Feature ◽

Hybrid Zones ◽

Intermediate Phenotypes ◽

Study Sites ◽

Micromorphological Characters ◽

Spatial Genetic Pattern

Background: Hybridization leads to individuals with atypical phenotypes, leading to taxonomic confusion when hybridizing populations are studied. Micromorphological characters may enable taxonomists to discriminate between parental and hybrid categories due to their simple genetic inheritance.Species study: Three oak taxa distributed in the montane regions of the Mexico were studied: Quercus crassifolia, Q. crassipes and their hybrid Q. × dysophylla.Hypothesis: We describe the leaf micromorphological and macromorphological variation of these taxa. Specifically, we searched for a unique combination of micromorphological characters in hybrids. We hypothesize that spatial micromorphological variation will match the spatial pattern revealed by a previous genetic study.Study sites: Two allopatric stands for each parental species and seven hybrid zones were studied. Individuals within each stand were identified as belonging to parental or hybrid categories following previous genetic analyses.Methods: Stomata and trichome types for each taxa were determined through Scanning Electron Microscopy. Eight micromorphological characters for trichomes and stomata and four foliar macromorphological characters were measured.Results: We found the presence of both multirradiate and simple stellate non-glandular trichomes as a diagnostic feature of Q. × dysophylla. Overall populations, Q. × dysophylla showed intermediate phenotypes in 70 % of morphological characters. However, hybrid phenotype exhibited geographical variation. Lastly, spatial hybrid’s phenotype variation did not correlate with the spatial genetic pattern previously identified.Conclusions: The micromorphological features of Q. × dysophylla may enable taxonomists to accurately discriminate between this taxon and its parental species. Finally, we suggest that micromorphological expression of both parental species and hybrids may be influenced by environmental gradients and microclimates.

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First Guatemalan record of natural hybridisation between Neotropical species of the Lady’s Slipper orchid (Orchidaceae, Cypripedioideae)

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.4162 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

pp. e4162 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Dariusz L. Szlachetko ◽

Marta Kolanowska ◽

Fred Muller ◽

Jay Vannini ◽

Joanna Rojek ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ecological Niche Modeling ◽

Parental Species ◽

Signal Sequence ◽

Conservation Status ◽

Hybrid Zones ◽

Maternal Line ◽

Modeling Analysis ◽

Sierra Madre ◽

Natural Hybridisation ◽

Slipper Orchid

The first natural hybrid in the sectionIrapeanaof the orchid genusCypripediumis described and illustrated based on Guatemalan material. A molecular evaluation of the discovery is provided. Specimens with intermediate flowers betweenC. irapeanumandC. dickinsonianumwithin ITS andXdhsequences have the signal sequence of both these species. The analysis of plastid sequences indicated that the maternal line isC. irapeanum. Information about the ecology, embryology and conservation status of the novelty is given, together with a distribution map of its parental species,C. irapeanumandC. dickinsonianum. A discussion of the hybridization betweenCypripediumspecies is presented. The potential hybrid zones between the representatives ofCypripediumsectionIrapeanawhich were estimated based on the results of ecological niche modeling analysis are located in the Maya Highlands (C. dickinsonianumandC. irapeanum) and the eastern part of Southern Sierra Madre (C. molleandC. irapeanum). Moreover, all threeCypripediumspecies could inhabit Cordillera Neovolcánica according to the obtained models; however, it should be noticed that this region is well-distanced from the edges of the known geographical range ofC. molle.

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Genetic heterogeneity in age classes of naturally regenerated old growth forest of Picea abies (L.) Karst

Silvae Genetica ◽

10.1515/sg-2014-0024 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 63 (1-6) ◽

pp. 185-190 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

A. Wojnicka-Półtorak ◽

W. Wachowiak ◽

W. Prus-Głowacki ◽

K. Celiński ◽

A. Korczyk

Keyword(s):

Picea Abies ◽

Genetic Heterogeneity ◽

Haplotype Diversity ◽

Age Classes ◽

Geographic Scale ◽

Old Growth ◽

Chloroplast Microsatellite ◽

Lowland Forest ◽

European Continent ◽

Old Growth Forest

Abstract The Białowiez·a Primeval Forest is located northeastern Poland. It is one of Europe’s most precious old growth forests in terms of abundance and richness of vegetation, retaining features of a primeval lowland forest which cannot be found anywhere else on the European continent. The aim of the study was to assess the genetic heterogeneity of the naturally regenerated Picea abies population using five chloroplast microsatellite markers. In total, 290 trees representing five age classes were studied. Clear patterns of genetic differentiation in relation to demographic substructuring were found within the population. The class of embryos exhibited the greatest genetic richness as evident from the highest number of alleles and haplotypes, the highest mean number of private alleles and haplotypes and the highest haplotype diversity. In the subsequent age classes, a significant decrease in the level of genetic variation was observed. Our data demonstrate that long-lived, highly outcrossing tree species growing in continuous stands can be genetically heterogeneous on a small geographic scale. The heterogeneity is related to age structure and it is likely due to the underlying mating system and selection processes.

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Establishment, Hybridization, Dispersal, Impact, and Decline of Diorhabda spp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Released for Biological Control of Tamarisk in Texas and New Mexico

Environmental Entomology ◽

10.1093/ee/nvz107 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 48 (6) ◽

pp. 1297-1316 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Allen E Knutson ◽

James L Tracy ◽

Chris Ritzi ◽

Patrick J Moran ◽

Tom Royer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

New Mexico ◽

Large Scale ◽

Parental Species ◽

Hybrid Zones ◽

Hybrid Swarm ◽

Phenotypic Characters ◽

Species Establishment ◽

Tamarix Spp ◽

Initial Distributions

Abstract Three Diorhabda spp. tamarisk beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) were established in Texas from 2003 to 2010 for biological control of tamarisk (Tamarix spp.): Mediterranean tamarisk beetles, D. elongata (Brullé) from Greece, also established in New Mexico; subtropical tamarisk beetles, D. sublineata (Lucas) from Tunisia; and larger tamarisk beetles, D. carinata (Faldermann) from Uzbekistan. More than one million tamarisk beetles were released at 99 sites. Species establishment success ranged from 52 to 83%. All three species now co-occur in New Mexico with the northern tamarisk beetles, D. carinulata (Desbrochers). A phenotypic hybrid scoring system was developed to assess Diorhabda phenotype distributions and character mixing in hybrid zones. Widespread field populations of bispecific hybrid phenotypes for D. carinata/D. elongata and D. sublineata/D. elongata rapidly appeared following contact of parental species. Initial distributions and dispersal of Diorhabda spp. and hybrids are mapped for Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Kansas, where they produced large-scale tamarisk defoliation and localized dieback for 3–4 yr. However, populations subsequently severely declined, now producing only isolated defoliation and allowing tamarisk to recover. Diorhabda sublineata and D. elongata temporarily produced nontarget spillover defoliation of ornamental athel, Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst, along the Rio Grande. Hybrid phenotypes were generally bimodally distributed, indicating some degree of reproductive isolation. Additional diagnostic phenotypic characters in males allowed more precise hybrid scoring. Character mixing in some hybrid populations approached or reached that of a hybrid swarm. The significance of hybridization for tamarisk biocontrol is discussed.

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Genetic characterization of Echinococcus granulosus strains isolated from humans based on nad1 and cox1 gene analysis in Isfahan, central Iran

Journal of Helminthology ◽

10.1017/s0022149x17000967 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 92 (6) ◽

pp. 696-702 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

R. Jafari ◽

B. Sanei ◽

A. Baradaran ◽

A. Spotin ◽

B. Bagherpour ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Haplotype Diversity ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Gene Analysis ◽

Cox1 Gene ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Genetic Characteristics ◽

Chain Reactions ◽

Polymerase Chain Reactions

AbstractCystic echinococcosis (CE) is a medically important parasite-caused human disease. Humans may acquire the infection accidentally by ingestion of E. granulosus eggs. The parasite has a broad range of hosts and genotypes, which may affect its aetiological and biological characteristics. The present study aimed to determine the genetic characteristics of human isolates of E. granulosus in Isfahan, Iran. In this cross-sectional study, 50 surgically removed hydatid cysts were collected from hospitalized patients in Al-Zahra Hospital, Isfahan, Iran, over a period of 2 years (2015–2017). DNA was extracted from cyst material, and polymerase chain reactions (PCR) were performed targeting cox1 and nad1 genes. Amplicons were sequenced directly and the resulting sequences were aligned and analysed. Phylogenetic and genetic diversity analyses were also performed. Among the isolates, 43 (86%), 3 (6%) and 4 (8%) out of 50 were E. granulosus (G1), E. granulosus (G3) and E. intermedius (G6), respectively. In total, nine and eight haplotypes were identified by nad1 and cox1 gene analysis, respectively. The haplotype diversity index was higher by cox1 gene analysis (0.547) in G1 strains compared with nad1 (0.433). The G1 genotype was the most predominant isolate from human cases of CE, and the presence of G6 is indicative of an important role of camels in the development of human CE in Isfahan. This is the first report of the G3 genotype causing human CE in Isfahan. Moreover, cox1 gene analysis enables a higher resolution of the genetic diversity of the E. granulosus population compared with nad1 gene analysis.

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Potential competitive interactions between larvae of Pseudophryne bibroni and P. semimarmorata (Anura : Leptodactylidae)

Australian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1071/zo9770449 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 449 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

DJ Wiltshire ◽

CM Bull

Keyword(s):

Preliminary Test ◽

Single Species ◽

Competitive Interactions ◽

Hybrid Zones ◽

Mixed Species ◽

Allopatric Populations ◽

Eastern Australia ◽

Frog Species ◽

Species Groups ◽

Mixed Species Groups

The two frog species Pseudophryne bibroni and P. semimarmorata are known to have allopatric distributions which meet in narrow hybrid zones in south-eastern Australia. A preliminary test is described of the hypothesis that interspecific competition plays a part in maintaining the narrow zones. Tadpoles from allopatric populations of each species were raised in single-species and mixed-species groups in experimental enclosures in a pool in the range of P. bibroni. Competitive superiority of P. bibroni was shown both in survival to metamorphosis and in size achieved at this stage. It is suggested that competition may be an important ecological component of the interactions taking place between the two taxa where their distributions meet.

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Hybridization in natural populations of ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae)

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z90-259 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 68 (8) ◽

pp. 1783-1789 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Dietrich Mossakowski ◽

Sabine Braun ◽

Axel Roschen

Keyword(s):

Habitat Structure ◽

Parental Species ◽

Proteolytic Enzymes ◽

Natural Populations ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Ground Beetles ◽

Hybrid Zones ◽

Ecological Requirements ◽

Dispersal Abilities ◽

Multivariate Discriminant

We investigated 13 populations of the carabid subgenus Chrysocarabus in the Spanish mountains Sierra de Urbasa and Sierra de Andia. In some areas there were up to 16% hybrids between Carabus lineatus and Carabus splendens. Hybrids are best distinguished as individuals having combinations of morphological characters that are diagnostic for both species. Multivariate discriminant analysis showed a gap between the parental species, but hybrids were either C. lineatus-like or C. splendens-like. Experimentally produced hybrids lie in the same range as natural hybrids. Electrophoretic studies have interpretable results for eight enzymes, but only one sex-linked locus (G-6-pd) was fixed for alternative alleles in the parental species, allowing identification of only female hybrids. Analysis of proteolytic enzymes from the gut revealed one fixed difference for chymotrypsin, but the locus for this enzyme is sex-linked. Trypsin appears polymorphic at several loci and is not useful for identifying hybrids. The geographical range of overlap and hybridization is large when compared with dispersal abilities of C. lineatus and C. splendens. We suggest that the hybrid zone is broken up into a number of subzones defined by differences in habitat structure and related to specific ecological requirements of the parental species. Within each of these zones, theory developed from study of narrow hybrid zones may apply.

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Hybridization of Carduus nutans and Carduus acanthoides (Compositae): morphological variation in F1 hybrids and backcrosses

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b92-286 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 70 (11) ◽

pp. 2303-2309 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

S. I. Warwick ◽

B. K. Thompson ◽

L. D. Black

Keyword(s):

Morphological Variation ◽

Morphological Traits ◽

Parental Species ◽

F1 Hybrids ◽

Carduus Acanthoides ◽

Carduus Nutans ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Morphological Criteria ◽

Hybrid Complex ◽

Hybrid Classes

The aim of this study was to compare patterns of morphological variation in F1 hybrids and backcrosses obtained artifically in the greenhouse relative to the parental species Carduus acanthoides (2n = 22) and Carduus nutans (2n = 16), which form a naturally occurring hybrid complex in Grey County, Ontario. The identity of parental, hybrid, and backcross genotypes was confirmed using allozyme markers. The data were used to test for hybrid (H) intermediacy in morphological traits that differentiate the two parental taxa (acronyms A and N are used for C. acanthoides and C. nutans, respectively) and to determine patterns of variation on the same traits among the four classes of backcross plants (NH, HN, AH, and HA, seed × pollen parent, respectively). Canonical multivariate analysis indicated that in general, F1 hybrids had intermediate morphologies compared with parental genotypes, although differences were observed among characters with respect to the degree of morphological intermediacy of hybrids. The backcrosses were divided into two groups, i.e., those backcrossed with C. acanthoides (AH and HA) and those with C. nutans (NH and HN). However, backcrosses also showed considerable morphological overlap with F1 hybrids. These results exemplify the utility of joint comparisons of morphology and genotypic constitution (allozymes) in the hybridization studies, and they emphasize the limitations in describing hybrid classes solely by morphological criteria. Key words: Carduus nutans, Carduus acanthoides, hybrids, backcrosses, morphological variation.

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