Hybridization in natural populations of ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae)

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (8) ◽  
pp. 1783-1789 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dietrich Mossakowski ◽  
Sabine Braun ◽  
Axel Roschen
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Structure ◽  
Parental Species ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Ground Beetles ◽  
Hybrid Zones ◽  
Ecological Requirements ◽  
Dispersal Abilities ◽  
Multivariate Discriminant

We investigated 13 populations of the carabid subgenus Chrysocarabus in the Spanish mountains Sierra de Urbasa and Sierra de Andia. In some areas there were up to 16% hybrids between Carabus lineatus and Carabus splendens. Hybrids are best distinguished as individuals having combinations of morphological characters that are diagnostic for both species. Multivariate discriminant analysis showed a gap between the parental species, but hybrids were either C. lineatus-like or C. splendens-like. Experimentally produced hybrids lie in the same range as natural hybrids. Electrophoretic studies have interpretable results for eight enzymes, but only one sex-linked locus (G-6-pd) was fixed for alternative alleles in the parental species, allowing identification of only female hybrids. Analysis of proteolytic enzymes from the gut revealed one fixed difference for chymotrypsin, but the locus for this enzyme is sex-linked. Trypsin appears polymorphic at several loci and is not useful for identifying hybrids. The geographical range of overlap and hybridization is large when compared with dispersal abilities of C. lineatus and C. splendens. We suggest that the hybrid zone is broken up into a number of subzones defined by differences in habitat structure and related to specific ecological requirements of the parental species. Within each of these zones, theory developed from study of narrow hybrid zones may apply.

scholarly journals Micromorphological character expression of the hybrid Quercus × dysophylla and its parental species (Q. crassifolia and Q. crassipes)

2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 375
Author(s):  
Alfredo López-Caamal ◽  
Luz Del Carmen Ruiz-Amaro ◽  
Armando Zepeda-Rodríguez ◽  
Patricia Mussali-Galante ◽  
Efraín Tovar-Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Parental Species ◽  
Environmental Gradients ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Diagnostic Feature ◽  
Hybrid Zones ◽  
Intermediate Phenotypes ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Micromorphological Characters ◽  
Spatial Genetic Pattern

<p><strong>Background:</strong> Hybridization leads to individuals with atypical phenotypes, leading to taxonomic confusion when hybridizing populations are studied. Micromorphological characters may enable taxonomists to discriminate between parental and hybrid categories due to their simple genetic inheritance.</p><p><strong>Species study:</strong> Three oak taxa distributed in the montane regions of the Mexico were studied: <em>Quercus crassifolia</em>, <em>Q. crassipes</em> and their hybrid <em>Q</em>. × <em>dysophylla</em>.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis:</strong> We describe the leaf micromorphological and macromorphological variation of these taxa. Specifically, we searched for a unique combination of micromorphological characters in hybrids. We hypothesize that spatial micromorphological variation will match the spatial pattern revealed by a previous genetic study.</p><p><strong>Study sites:</strong> Two allopatric stands for each parental species and seven hybrid zones were studied. Individuals within each stand were identified as belonging to parental or hybrid categories following previous genetic analyses.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> Stomata and trichome types for each taxa were determined through Scanning Electron Microscopy. Eight micromorphological characters for trichomes and stomata and four foliar macromorphological characters were measured.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found the presence of both multirradiate and simple stellate non-glandular trichomes as a diagnostic feature of <em>Q</em>. × <em>dysophylla.</em> Overall populations, <em>Q</em>. × <em>dysophylla</em> showed intermediate phenotypes in 70 % of morphological characters. However, hybrid phenotype exhibited geographical variation. Lastly, spatial hybrid’s phenotype variation did not correlate with the spatial genetic pattern previously identified.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The micromorphological features of <em>Q.</em> × <em>dysophylla</em> may enable taxonomists to accurately discriminate between this taxon and its parental species. Finally, we suggest that micromorphological expression of both parental species and hybrids may be influenced by environmental gradients and microclimates.</p>

Chloroplast DNA polymorphism reveals geographic structure and introgression in the Quercus crassifolia × Quercus crassipes hybrid complex in Mexico

Botany ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Tovar-Sánchez ◽  
P. Mussali-Galante ◽  
R. Esteban-Jiménez ◽  
D. Piñero ◽  
D. M. Arias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parental Species ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Haplotype Diversity ◽  
Hybrid Zones ◽  
Chloroplast Microsatellite ◽  
Colonization Routes ◽  
Allopatric Populations ◽  
Genetic Structure Of Populations ◽  
Hybrid Complex

Quercus crassifolia H. & B. and Quercus crassipes H. & B. are two common temperate forest species in Mexico that form hybrids when they occur in mixed (sympatric) areas. In this study, we used chloroplast microsatellite haplotypes to infer phylogeographic patterns onto the genetic structure of populations of both parental species, thus defining probable colonization routes throughout Mexico. Haplotype diversity in seven hybrid zones and four allopatric sites with nonmixed (allopatric) populations of both putative parental species was analyzed. To determine the expansion and colonization routes for the two species, we carried out a nested clade phylogeographic analysis that would allow us to infer the haplotype correspondence to a phylogeographical approach. In spite of sharing many common populations, we determined that there is a different genetic historical colonization for Q. crassipes and for Q. crassifolia. Hybrid populations had the highest levels of genetic variation (Gv), Shannon diversity index (H), and haplotype number (nh) in comparison with nonmixed/allopatric populations of their putative parentals. Furthermore, populations of hybrid zones showed the highest values of genetic differentiation FST, RST . Moreover, both species share four distinctive cpDNA haplotypes, which were most likely acquired by introgression through hybrids located in several populations throughout the Eje Neovolcánico area. This last region was confirmed to be a “hot spot” for oak diversity, a place in which different maternal lineages merged.

The use of flavonoid glycosides for the identification of elm hybrids

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 611-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Heimler ◽  
Andrea Pieroni ◽  
Lorenzo Mittempergher ◽  
Pietro Buzzini
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Parental Species ◽  
Flavonoid Glycoside ◽  
Flavonoid Glycosides ◽  
Natural Hybrids ◽  
Probable Presence ◽  
Multivariate Discriminant ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Putative Hybrids

The utilization of elm leaf flavonoids as biochemical markers for the identification of artificial and natural hybrids of elm species is discussed. Two to 11 individuals from controlled crosses of Ulmuscarpinifolia Gled., Ulmuspumila L., Ulmusparvifolia Jacq., and Ulmusjaponica (R.) Sarg. were examined. Five to seven individuals from each parental species, and a number of putative hybrids between U. carpinifolia and U. pumila that naturally occur in central and northern Italy, were also examined. Quantitative data on leaf flavonoid glycosides were obtained by means of high-performance thin layer chromatography and examined by multivariate discriminant analysis. The results show that it is possible to identify the hybrid obtained between these species even if the parents are unknown, provided a number of individuals of the parental species are examined; therefore, it is also possible to certify putative hybrids. The higher variability of the flavonoid glycoside data of U. carpinifolia and U. pumila and the probable presence of F2 generation individuals make the certification of natural hybrids between these two species in some cases difficult or even impossible.

Hybridization in leopard frogs (Rana pipiens complex): terrestrial performance of newly metamorphosed hybrid and parental genotypes in field enclosures

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (9) ◽  
pp. 1552-1558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J Parris
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Parental Species ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Natural Hybridization ◽  
Evolutionary Potential ◽  
Leopard Frogs ◽  
Rana Blairi ◽  
Advanced Generation

Terrestrial ecology has been largely neglected in the study of amphibian life histories because it is difficult to manipulate most species during the terrestrial stage. I examined the terrestrial performance of Rana blairi, Rana sphenocephala, and four hybrid (two F1 and two advanced generation) genotypes in replicated experimental enclosures to test for differences in traits related to juvenile terrestrial fitness. I produced all genotypes by means of artificial fertilizations using frogs collected from natural populations in central Missouri, and juvenile frogs were obtained from larvae reared in experimental ponds. Following metamorphosis, froglets were raised in single-genotype groups in terrestrial enclosures through the first overwintering. The proportion surviving did not vary among genotypes, but the power to detect significant differences was low. F1 hybrid genotypes BS and SB demonstrated significantly higher growth rates than either parental species or advanced-generation hybrid genotypes. Observation of growth rates of advanced-generation hybrids equal to those of the parental species, and heterosis in F1 hybrids for growth rate, suggests that natural hybridization between R. blairi and R. sphenocephala can produce novel and relatively fit hybrid genotypes. Direct measurement of multiple fitness components for hybrid and parental genotypes is critical for assessing the evolutionary potential of natural hybridization in organisms with complex life cycles.

Coexistence of congeneric species in the Avifaunas of Australian Islands

1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 487 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Abbott
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Monte Carlo Method ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Small Islands ◽  
Congeneric Species ◽  
Confined Space ◽  
Ecological Requirements ◽  
Dispersal Abilities

Gause's model of competition among species in a confined space is applied to the breeding land and freshwater bird species on nine large (> 109 km2) and 77 small (< 30 km2) islands around Australia. If interspecific competition is the most important factor impoverishing island avifaunas, then islands should have fewer congeneric species than expected on the basis of a logarithmic association between numbers of species and genera, and of a Monte Carlo method. This was so for small islands, but large islands tend to have more congeneric bird species than expected. The latter results are contrary to the Gause model of ecological incompatibility and extinction. Their biological significance may be that congeneric species have similar ecological requirements and preferences, similar dispersal abilities, and are able to persist together as well as distantly related species can. The majority of small islands do not support any congeners, which is consistent with the Gause model.

Variation in leaf characteristics among provenances of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. grown in Zambia

1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 237
Author(s):  
J Burley ◽  
PJ Wood ◽  
AS Hans
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Eucalyptus Camaldulensis ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Ecotypic Variation ◽  
Old Trees

Eight morphological characters of leaves were examined in 2-year-old trees of 25 provenances of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn, grown in a replicated trial in Zambia. Provenances differed significantly in leaf length and width, base angle, and oil gland density but significant effects were attributed to trees within provenances. Leaf curvature also varied between provenances, trees, and branches. The tip angle and the number of veins did not vary significantly. Leaf length and oil gland density were related to maximum temperature at seed source rather than to latitude but the reverse occurred for leaf width. Significant amounts of variation were explained by a linear combination of temperature and latitude but not by longitude, altitude, or rainfall. Information on seven traits was combined in principal component analysis in which the first component (a measure of leaf shape) accounted for 36% of total observed variation while the second (weighted largely on leaf length) accounted for 26%. Mapping of both univariate and multivariate results indicated that there are two major ecotypes and gave some evidence of clinal and ecotypic variation within them. The conclusions support those of other workers both in natural populations in Australia and in exotic populations elsewhere.

scholarly journals Influence of Niche Overlap and Territoriality on Hybridization Between Hermit Warblers and Townsend's Warblers

The Auk ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott F. Pearson ◽  
David A. Manuwal
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Use ◽  
Hybrid Zone ◽  
Parental Species ◽  
Niche Overlap ◽  
Habitat Characteristics ◽  
Hybrid Zones ◽  
Parental Fitness ◽  
Habitat Transition ◽  
Habitat Variables ◽  
Washington Cascades

Abstract Hybrid zones between Townsend's Warblers (Dendroica townsendi) and Hermit Warblers (D. occidentalis) in the Pacific Northwest are narrow relative to estimated dispersal distances and appear to be moving, with Townsend's replacing Hermits. We examined whether the habitat-transition and parental-fitness asymmetry models can explain why these zones are narrow and moving by comparing habitat variables associated with warbler territories in the Washington Cascades hybrid zone. Habitat variables did not differ among phenotypes, suggesting that the habitat-transition model cannot explain the narrow and dynamic nature of this hybrid zone. Habitat characteristics of Hermit Warbler territories did not differ inside versus outside the hybrid zone, also suggesting that this zone is not associated with a region of habitat transition. The lack of difference in habitat use could be the result of comparing variables that are not important to pairing success. However, warblers tended to select territories on west-southwest aspects. South aspects in the southern Washington Cascades are dominated by Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and true fir, which is a habitat selected by female warblers when choosing among territories and males. The parental-fitness asymmetry model does not necessarily make predictions about habitat use within the hybrid zone but predicts the superiority of one parental species over the other. However, if significant overlap occurs in habitat use or niche (as in these warblers), then competition between parental species is likely to occur. To determine whether these species compete, we mapped 12 warbler territories and monitored an additional 94 territories throughout the breeding season and found that all males with neighbors compete for and hold exclusive territories. Thus, the pattern of habitat use and territoriality is consistent with the parental-fitness asymmetry model.

scholarly journals Vive la résistance: genome-wide selection against introduced alleles in invasive hybrid zones

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1843) ◽  
pp. 20161380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan P. Kovach ◽  
Brian K. Hand ◽  
Paul A. Hohenlohe ◽  
Ted F. Cosart ◽  
Matthew C. Boyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Selective Advantage ◽  
Hybrid Zones ◽  
Introduced Fish ◽  
Westslope Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Genome Wide

Evolutionary and ecological consequences of hybridization between native and invasive species are notoriously complicated because patterns of selection acting on non-native alleles can vary throughout the genome and across environments. Rapid advances in genomics now make it feasible to assess locus-specific and genome-wide patterns of natural selection acting on invasive introgression within and among natural populations occupying diverse environments. We quantified genome-wide patterns of admixture across multiple independent hybrid zones of native westslope cutthroat trout and invasive rainbow trout, the world's most widely introduced fish, by genotyping 339 individuals from 21 populations using 9380 species-diagnostic loci. A significantly greater proportion of the genome appeared to be under selection favouring native cutthroat trout (rather than rainbow trout), and this pattern was pervasive across the genome (detected on most chromosomes). Furthermore, selection against invasive alleles was consistent across populations and environments, even in those where rainbow trout were predicted to have a selective advantage (warm environments). These data corroborate field studies showing that hybrids between these species have lower fitness than the native taxa, and show that these fitness differences are due to selection favouring many native genes distributed widely throughout the genome.

Hybridization between northern redbelly dace (Phoxinus eos) and finescale dace (Phoxinus neogaeus) (Osteichthyes: Cyprinidae) in Alberta

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 579-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mrinal K. Das ◽  
Joseph S. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Principal Components ◽  
Parental Species ◽  
Introgressive Hybridization ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Allopatric Populations ◽  
Canonical Variates ◽  
Female Hybrid ◽  
Hybrid Group

Hybridization between northern redbelly dace (Phoxinus eos) and finescale dace (Phoxinus neogaeus) was studied in Upper Pierre Grey Lake, Alberta. Sympatric parental and hybrid populations were compared with allopatric populations from Cameron Lake and Tay Lake, Alberta. Canonical variates and principal components analyses, using 31 morphological characters, revealed that the two parental groups were bridged by an intermediate all-female hybrid group in Upper Pierre Grey Lake. Hybrids made up approximately 33% of the individuals of the sympatic population. Neither backcross nor hybrid F2 individuals could be identified from the analyses, although the majority of hybrids were morphologically more similar to P. neogaeus than to P. eos. No clear evidence of introgressive hybridization was found in either of the sympatric parental species.

Genetic and morphological variability in cestodes of the genus Proteocephalus: geographical variation in Proteocephalus percae populations

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (9) ◽  
pp. 1450-1458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimíra Hanzelová ◽  
Viliam Šnábel ◽  
Ivica Král'ová ◽  
Tomáš Scholz ◽  
Stefano D'Amelio
Keyword(s):  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Perca Fluviatilis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Rapd Profile ◽  
Perch Perca Fluviatilis ◽  
Apical Sucker

Genetic and morphological variability was studied in the tapeworm Proteocephalus percae (Müller, 1780) (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae), a parasite of perch (Perca fluviatilis L.). Geographic variation in isoenzyme patterns, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profiles, and morphological characters were found within six natural populations of P. percae from Slovakia and Switzerland. All approaches used showed that similarity was substantially higher among Swiss populations than among Slovak populations. Proteocephalus percae specimens from the Dobšiná water reservoir (Slovakia) differed significantly from all other population sample sets in that they exclusively expressed the genotype Acp92/Acp92 and possessed a specific RAPD profile after amplification with the primer p78 and distinct measurements of the scolex (scolex width and apical sucker). The unique position of the P. percae population from Dobšiná could be related to the contamination of this locality with heavy metals (cadmium), through the possible impact of these metals on the alterations observed. The taxonomic relevance and stability of the morphological characters related to the scolex in the Proteocephalus tapeworm group is confirmed.

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