scholarly journals Specific Features of Protection Against Computer-Aided Criminal Infringements on Cashless (Electronic) Funds in Contemporary Criminal Legislations of Belarus and Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 592-604
Author(s):  
Maria Tretiak
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Electronic Money ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Size Type ◽  
Russian Law ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Characteristic Features

The dominance of a distance form of interactions in modern conditions resulted in an increase in operations with cashless (electronic) funds, which led to a growth of the number of acquisitive cybercrimes. The author examines criminal law measures of protecting cashless (electronic) funds against criminal infringements in the cybersphere and conducts legal analysis of regulations on acquisitive crimes against property and information security reflected in criminal legislations of Belarus and Russia. Special attention is paid to the characteristic features of protection measures against acquisitive cybercrimes involving cashless (electronic) funds in modern criminal legislations of Belarus and Russia. Current Belarus legislation differentiates criminal liability using unified criteria (method and property size) within the same corpus delicti of three crimes in Ch. 24 and 31 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Belarus. In the Russian legislation, the differentiation of criminal liability is based on three criteria (size, type of money or method) within five corpora delicti in Ch. 21 and 28 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The author specifically states that the use of such a differentiation approach in determining liability for online theft of cashless money in the norms of Russian criminal law leads, firstly, to considerable difficulties in determining the forms and specific criteria of such theft and, secondly, to the application of more (or less) severe measures of punishment for identical crimes. Using a detailed comparative analysis of modern criminal legislations of Belarus and Russia regarding online criminal infringements against cashless (electronic) money, the author draws a conclusion on the use of regulations in the Russian law that would make it possible to fully take into account various specific features of online infringements on cashless (electronic) money and to apply unified criteria for the differentiation of criminal liability within one corpus delicti, for example, in the form of theft in the sphere of computer information whose modus operandi is thoroughly described in one of the norms on computer crimes in Art. 159.6 of the Criminal Code of Russia.

scholarly journals CRIMINAL LEGISLATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA, THE DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF KOREA AND RUSSIA: COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS OF TYPES OF PUNISHMENTS AND THEIR CONTENT

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 72-77
Author(s):  
A. P. Skiba ◽  
A. V. Kovsh ◽  
A. N. Myakhanova
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Republic Of Korea ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Criminal Legislation

The types of punishments in the Republic of Korea and the Democratic peoples Republic of Korea have significant specifics in comparison with Russia and differ from each other. Their criminal law regulations are laconic in comparison with the Russian approach. Under the Criminal Code of the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea, there is a clear emphasis on regulating punishments involving deprivation of liberty and restriction of the rights of a convicted person, and under the Criminal Code of the Republic of Korea, punishments with economic content. The author provides a translation of the provisions of Article 27 of the Criminal Code of the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea and Article 41 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Korea regarding the list of types of punishments.

scholarly journals Some features of the criminal law regulation of liability for sexual abuse against children in some European countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-335
Author(s):  
Vadym Dyadichko
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Official Position ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
The Republic

There is the search for optimal ways to improve domestic legislation in terms of criminal liability for sexual abuse of children by analyzing the latest changes and additions to the Criminal Code of some European countries. One such way is to criminalize such an act as "cybergrooming". The analysis of the relevant criminal law of the Kingdom of Belgium, the Republic of Bulgaria and the Kingdom of Spain has allowed to conclude that the approach of the legislator of the Republic of Bulgaria to the regulation of criminal liability for "cybergrooming" seems to be worth worth studying its practical application in order to determine the possibility of future borrowing by the domestic legislator. In addition, on the positive side, the Criminal Code of this state has criminal liability for lewd acts or sexual intercourse with a minor engaged in prostitution. The Criminal Code of the Kingdom of Spain deserves attention to the existence of a single rule (Article 183), which includes various manifestations of sexual violence against children. The author has noted that such an approach of the legislator of this state also requires a separate, more in-depth analysis for its possible borrowing by the domestic legislator. In addition, it is worth studying the issue of separate criminalization in the Criminal Code of Ukraine as sexual violence, sexual intercourse with persons aged sixteen to eighteen, committed with the use of influence on the victim in such ways as: fraud or abuse of trust, abuse of official position by an official.

scholarly journals CRIMINAL LIABILITY OF LEGAL ENTITIES IN THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 68-77
Author(s):  
Aleksandr V. Fedorov ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Legal Entity ◽  
The Republic ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Legal Entities

The article is dedicated to the general issues of establishment of the criminal liability of legal entities in the Slovak Republic (Slovakia). Similarity of prerequisites for introduction of such liability in the Slovak Republic is noted. Gradual establishment of criminal liability of legal entities in Slovakia is noted, initially it was by means of amendment of the Criminal Code of Slovakia by Law No. 224/2010, which allows for using such “protective measures” as redemption and deprivation of property in relation to legal entities, then it was by means of adoption of Law No. 91/2016 on criminal liability of legal entities. Basic provisions of the Slovak law on criminal liability of legal entities are considered. The attention is paid to the fact that in the Slovak Republic there is a so-called selective criminalization as to the criminal liability of legal entities, when they can be held criminally liable not for all crimes specified in the Criminal Code of the Republic of Slovakia, but only for those of them, which are specified in the special Law No. 91/2016. A list of crimes, for which criminal liability is possible for legal entities, and conditions under which a crime is admitted to be committed by a legal entity, is specified. It is specified, which types of legal entities are foreseen by the Slovak law, and noted that not all of them can be the subjects of criminal liability according to the national laws. The effect of the criminal law is considered in relation to legal entities that have committed crimes in the territory of the Slovak Republic and outside it. The article contains the description of the types of criminal punishments of legal entities, which include: liquidation of the legal entity; deprivation of property; deprivation; penalty; prohibition to carry out activity; prohibition to receive subsidies and grants; prohibition to receive assistance and support from funds of the European Union; prohibition to participate in state procurement; publication of conviction.

scholarly journals Преступное мошенничество в сфере публичных закупок: законотворческий опыт Республики Корея

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 138-151
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Public Procurement ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Republic Of Korea ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Imple Mentation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Times ◽  
Severe Punishment

Сфера закупок товаров, работ, услуг для обеспечения государственных и муниципальных нужд в России страдает от широко распространяющихся мошеннических действий. Несмотря на то, что в отдельных странах Азиатско-Тихоокеанского региона накоплен богатый опыт законодательного противодействия преступному мошенничеству в сфере публичных закупок, в нашей стране он пока изучен недостаточно. В статье исследуется законотворческий опыт Республики Корея в противодействии преступным проявлениям мошенничества в сфере публичных закупок. Проведён юридический анализ норм отдельных законодательных актов Республики Корея, в которых представлена ответственность за преступные деяния в сфере публичных закупок. Особое внимание уделено преступлению, предусмотренному статьёй 315 Уголовного кодекса Республики Корея «Воспрепятствование проведению аукциона или торгов». Представлены позиции судебных органов Республики Корея в оценке отдельных признаков этого опасного преступления. Выявлена специфика законодательной регламентации ответственности за преступные деяния в сфере публичных закупок. В завершении анализа законотворческого опыта Республики Корея по противодействию мошенничеству при осуществлении закупочной деятельности государственными или муниципальными органами отмечено, что законодательство по борьбе с обозначенными преступными проявлениями развивается в этой стране «в ногу со временем». Сделаны выводы о том, что не все результаты рассмотренной законотвор-ческой деятельности Южной Кореи в силу их своеобразия могут быть распро-странены и использованы при совершенствовании российского законодательства. Однако отдельные приёмы законодательного решения проблем противодействия преступным мошенническим деяниям в сфере публичных закупок, безусловно, небесполезны и для России. В частности, интерес для развития российского законодательства могут представлять отдельные приёмы юридической техники – к примеру, широкое установление законодательного запрета на осуществление разнообразных действий мошеннического характера в сфере закупочной деятельности, вплоть до признания таких действий уголовно-наказуемыми. Авторам представляется любопытным и установление в санкциях законодательных норм Республики Корея строгих видов и размеров наказания за преступное воспрепятствование проведению аукциона или торгов, которые в сочетании с реальным назначением сурового наказания дают возможность эффективно противодействовать мошенническим проявлениям в сфере публичных закупок. Клчевые слова: уголовное законодательство стран Азиатско-Тихоокеанского региона, законодательство Республики Корея, уголовное право Республики Корея, уголовный кодекс Республики Корея, мошенничество, мошенничество в сфере публичных закупок, публичные закупки, электронные закупки, воспрепятствование торгам, сговор на торгах, подделка документов. The sphere of procurement of goods, works, and services to meet state and municipal needs in Russia suffers from widespread fraudulent activities. Despite the fact that some countries of the Asia-Pacific region have accumulated a wealth of experience in legal counteraction to criminal fraud in the field of public procurement, in our country it has not been sufficiently studied yet. The article examines the legislative experience of the Republic of Korea in countering the criminal manifestations of fraud in the field of public procurement. A legal analysis of the norms of certain legislative acts of the Republic of Korea, which presents responsibility for criminal acts in the field of public procurement, is carried out. Particular attention is paid to the crime stipulated by Article 315 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Korea "Obstruction of an auction or auctions." The position of the judicial authorities of the Republic of Korea in the assessment of some of this dangerous crime is presented. The specificity of the legislative regulation of liability for criminal acts in the field of public procurement has been revealed. Analysis of the legislative experience of the Republic of Korea in combating fraud in the imple-mentation of procurement activities by state or municipal authorities is followed by the conclusion that legislation to combat the designated criminal manifestations is developing in this country “in step with the times”. It is concluded that not all results of the considered legislative activity of South Korea, due to their originality, can be disseminated and used in the improvement of Russian legislation. However, certain methods of legislative solution of the problems of combating criminal fraudulent acts in the field of public procurement can be applied in Russia. In particular, certain methods of legal technique may be of interest for the development of Russian legislation - for example, the broad establishment of a legislative ban on the implementation of various fraudulent actions in the field of procurement, up to the recognition of such actions as criminal offenses. The authors also consider the establishment in the sanctions of the legislative norms of the Republic of Korea of strict types and sizes of punishment for criminal obstruction of an auction or auctions, which, in combination with the real imposition of severe punishment, make it possible to effectively counteract fraudulent manifestations in the field of public procurement. Keywords: Asia Pacific criminal law, Republic of Korea law, Republic of Korea criminal law, Republic of Korea criminal code, fraud, public procurement fraud, public procurement, e-procurement, obstruction of bidding, bid rigging, document forgery.

scholarly journals Theory Of Application Of Criminal Law Considerations On The Legal Analysis Of The Content Of Crime Against The Person In The Crime Code Of The Republic Of Uzbekistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (05) ◽  
pp. 53-58
Author(s):  
Akbar Saloxitdin Oglu Aknazarov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
The Republic

The article describes the object, subject, essence of the objective and subjective aspects of crimes against the person in the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, as well as the features of the qualification of these crimes. Crimes against the person have been interpreted from the point of view of criminal law and analyzed in detail.

scholarly journals Criminal Liability for Financial Market Crimes under the Singapore Legislation

Lex Russica ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 148-156
Author(s):  
A. V. Denisova
Keyword(s):  
Financial Markets ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Criminal Legislation ◽  
Integral Feature

The functioning of developed financial markets is an integral feature of a country with a market economy, in which it is understood primarily as an infrastructure element of state policy, which, with proper management, ensures a qualitative increase in the standard of living of citizens. Therefore, the issues of criminal legal assessment of encroachments on relations in the sphere of financial markets have recently become particularly relevant both abroad and in Russia. In Singapore law, the legal provisions on criminal liability for crimes in the field of financial markets are contained in the Criminal code of the Republic of Singapore, in the laws on the prevention of corruption, on securities and futures. The purpose of the study is to analyze Singapore legislation to compare foreign and domestic criminal law norms on crimes in the field of financial markets, as well as to determine the possibilities of using foreign experience in Russian rule-making practice. The methodological basis of the paper is a set of methods of scientific knowledge, among which the main place is occupied by methods of comparative law and system analysis. The author analyzes the similarities and differences between Singapore and Russian financial and criminal legislation and predicts promising directions for the development of the system of relevant domestic criminal law norms. The author suggests the expediency of using the ideas of criminalization and suppression of fraud in the investment sphere, including in cyberspace, theft of personal data and their misuse, as well as other preparatory actions for serious and grave crimes that may be committed in the financial markets.

scholarly journals CRIMINAL AND LEGAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSNATIONAL CRIME: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oleksandra Skok ◽  
◽  
Taisiia Shevchenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Transnational Crime ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
International Regulations ◽  
Transnational Connections ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Definition Of

This article focuses on the criminal law characteristics of transnational crime, which has an extremely negative impact on the economic and social spheres of modern society in many countries. The provisions of international regulations on the definition of transnational crime and the reality of implementation of international agreements signed and ratified by Ukraine in terms of implementation in national criminal law of liability for crimes with transnational links have been thoroughly studied. In particular, the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the Agreement between Ukraine and the European Police Office on Operational and Strategic Cooperation and other international regulations on cooperation of member states in combating transnational crime were studied. The statistical data of the General Prosecutor’s Office of Ukraine are analyzed, which indicate the negative dynamics of the state of organized crime, which has increased over the last five years. The article presents official statistics, according to which in 2016 the share of organized crime amounted to 0.02% of the total number of crimes committed; in 2017 – 0.04%; in 2018 – 0.06%, in 2019 – 0.07%, in 2020 – 0.1% – which indicates an increase in the level of organized crime in general. An analysis of international regulations signed or ratified by Ukraine on the definition of transnational crime is carried out. The dispositions of the norms of the criminal legislation on detection of signs of crimes with transnational connections are analyzed. Crimes with signs of transnational crime have been identified under national legislation and the legislation of some foreign countries, on the basis of which their comparative characteristics have been made. It is established that some foreign countries also regulate the possibility of applying exemptions from criminal liability for similar criminal offenses under the domestic law on criminal liability. In particular, the norms of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Republic of Azerbaijan, Georgia, the Republic of Moldova, the Republic of Turkmenistan, the Republic of Tajikistan, the Republic of Kyrgyzstan, the Republic of Armenia are analyzed. The article identifies a list of crimes that may have signs of transnational crime. It has been established that the largest number of crimes that may have the characteristics of transnational crime are acts related to drug trafficking, human trafficking, smuggling, economic crimes, arms trafficking, smuggling and other closely related crimes. with border crossing and international criminal relations. On this basis, it is proposed to set out the disposition of Part 2 of Art. 201 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, which provides for liability for smuggling, taking into account the new qualifier for the commission of this act by criminal groups with transnational ties. In addition, the problem of the lack of definition of transnational crime at the legislative level in Ukraine, which prompts further research in this area, has been identified.

History of domestic legislation development on criminal liability for environmental crimes

2021 ◽  
pp. 766-778
Author(s):  
Elena A. Popova ◽  
Vladimir G. Kokorev
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Domestic Legislation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Russian Law ◽  
The Military ◽  
Direct Reflection ◽  
Environmental Crimes

We consider the negative impact of society on the environment, which adversely affects humanity itself. We emphasize the peculiarities of environmental crimes development in Russian law. We point out that the first legislative norms containing responsibility for environmental offenses date back to the middle of the 17th century, when the direct reflection of norms aimed at protecting nature from criminal encroachments begins. We note that the Extensive Edition of Rus’ Justice reflected responsibility for the theft of a number of animals, which in a sense can be attributed to environmental encroachments. It is emphasized that if responsibility for such acts was reflected in the Cathedral Code of 1649, then in the Military Article of 1715 it was absent. We note that in the first codified criminal law, adopted in 1845, under the name “Code on penal and correctional punishments”, acts encroaching on the environment were reflected, which was subsequently consolidated and developed in criminal laws as pre-revolutionary Russia (Criminal Code 1903), and adopted after the October Revolution of 1917, especially in the Criminal Code of the RSFSR in 1960.

scholarly journals The System of Grounds for Exempting a Person From the Legal Consequences of a Crime

Legal Concept ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 155-160
Author(s):  
Elena Shchelkonogova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Responsibility ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Theory Of Law ◽  
Constituent Elements ◽  
Legal Consequences

Introduction: the grounds for exemption from criminal responsibility, punishment, and the recognition the act that has caused harm to the object of criminal law protection as non-criminal, are essential for a fair legal assessment of a person’s behaviour. In this connection, the author of the paper aims to study the grounds for not applying the legal consequences of a crime (act) to a person. Methods: the methodological framework for the study is a set of methods of scientific knowledge, among which the main ones are the methods of historicism, consistency, analysis and comparative law. Results: the author’s position grounded in the work is based on the legislation and the opinions of the competent scientific community on the question of why certain grounds are combined by the legislator into separate chapters and are endowed with common features, and other grounds belong to different grounds for the release of a person. With the help of the legal analysis of the provisions of the theory of law, the differentiation of the characteristic features of the grounds for not bringing a person to criminal responsibility is carried out. The questions of the legal regulation of not only various types of grounds for the release of a person, but also the legal consequences of committing a crime are raised. The concept of circumstances precluding criminal liability in connection with the voluntary refusal to commit a crime is formulated. Conclusions: the study establishes that a person may be exempted from criminal liability, in connection with the absence of the constituent elements of offence (insanity, infliction by innocence) in his act, and the grounds that are not associated with crime, such as regulated by Chapter 11 of the Criminal Code. However, the circumstances that preclude the criminality of the act, voluntary refusal, as well as the insignificance of the act are not directly enshrined in the Code as the grounds for exempting from criminal liability due to the absence of corpus delicti, however, the text of the articles of the Code states that the act is not a crime.

scholarly journals Espionage in Bulgarian and Latvian Criminal Law – Comparative Legal Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (12) ◽  
pp. 121-142
Author(s):  
Petar Koev
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Historical Aspects ◽  
State Secret ◽  
The Republic

Law scientist from the Republic of Bulgaria Petar Koev in his article covers quite a specific case – comparative legal analysis of spying in the Criminal Laws of Bulgaria and Latvia. The author accentuates the development of Criminal Laws in Bulgaria and Latvia to prevent spying. P. Koev concludes that the Criminal Law on Protection of National Secrets has been worked out in compliance with the historical aspects of both countries. Similarity between Bulgarian Criminal Code and LSSR Criminal Law during the period of socialism was connected with the ideological term “state secret” defined by political systems of the USSR satellite states. Analysis of regulations related to spying has brought out several common traits performed in legal acts after democratic changes in the development of Bulgaria and Latvia after the states gained their independence form the USSR. It has been concluded that regulations on prevention and eradication on spying have been worked out to satisfy the existent regional needs and state’s political priorities. Bulgārijas Republikas tiesību zinātnieks Petars Koevs (Petar Koev) savā rakstā skata visnotaļ specifisku problēmu loku – salīdzinošo juridisko analīzi spiegošanā Bulgārijas un Latvijas krimināltiesiskajā regulējumā. Autors aplūko krimināltiesību aktu attīstību un problēmas Bulgārijā un Latvijā, lai novērtu spiegošanas darbības. P. Koevs secina, ka tiesību akti par valsts noslēpumu aizsardzību ir izstrādāti atbilstoši abu valstu vēsturiskajiem apstākļiem. Bulgārijas kriminālkodeksa un LPSR Krimināllikuma līdzība t. s. sociālisma periodā bija saistīta ar ideoloģisko jēdzienu “valsts noslēpums”, ko noteica PSRS satelītvalstu politiskā sistēma. Ar spiegošanu saistīto normatīvo aktu analīze ir noteikusi arī dažas kopīgas iezīmes, kas izdarītas likumdošanas aktos pēc demokrātiskajām pārmaiņām Bulgārijā un Latvijas attīstībā pēc tam, kad valsts kļuva neatkarīga no Padomju Savienības. Publikācijā ir secināts, ka spiegošanas novēršanas un apkarošanas noteikumi ir izstrādāti, lai apmierinātu pašreizējās reģionālās vajadzības un valsts politiskās prioritātes.

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