scholarly journals The female athlete triad: a current concepts review

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
C George
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Menstrual Function ◽  
Positive Effects

Female athletic participation continues to grow throughout the world. This has many positive effects on health and well-being, but it has also led to a unique set of health problems. The female athlete triad was first described in 1992 by the American College of Sports Medicine, consisting of disordered eating, amenorrhoea and osteoporosis. An updated position stand was released in 2007 that modified the components of the triad to energy availability, menstrual function and bone mineral density. This article reviews the current definitions of the triad components, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. Each of the components of the triad exists on a continuum from healthy to pathological. Low energy availability, from either dietary restriction or increased expenditure, is the factor that leads to the pathological states of menstrual function and bone mineral density. Athletes especially at risk are those in sports requiring leanness or low body weight. Prevention and early recognition of triad disorders is crucial to ensure timely intervention and treatment. Treatment is centered on restoring energy availability to adequate levels (30 kcal.kg-1.d-1) to re-establish normal metabolic functioning. All those who work with female athletes must remain vigilant in the education, recognition and treatment of athletes at risk. Continued research and knowledge of the triad disorders aids the development of prevention and treatment strategies to allow women to continue to enjoy the benefits of regular exercise and physical activity throughout their lives.

scholarly journals The female athlete triad: a current concepts review

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
C George
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Menstrual Function ◽  
Positive Effects

Female athletic participation continues to grow throughout the world. This has many positive effects on health and well-being, but it has also led to a unique set of health problems. The female athlete triad was first described in 1992 by the American College of Sports Medicine, consisting of disordered eating, amenorrhoea and osteoporosis. An updated position stand was released in 2007 that modified the components of the triad to energy availability, menstrual function and bone mineral density. This article reviews the current definitions of the triad components, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. Each of the components of the triad exists on a continuum from healthy to pathological. Low energy availability, from either dietary restriction or increased expenditure, is the factor that leads to the pathological states of menstrual function and bone mineral density. Athletes especially at risk are those in sports requiring leanness or low body weight. Prevention and early recognition of triad disorders is crucial to ensure timely intervention and treatment. Treatment is centered on restoring energy availability to adequate levels (30 kcal.kg-1.d-1) to re-establish normal metabolic functioning. All those who work with female athletes must remain vigilant in the education, recognition and treatment of athletes at risk. Continued research and knowledge of the triad disorders aids the development of prevention and treatment strategies to allow women to continue to enjoy the benefits of regular exercise and physical activity throughout their lives.

scholarly journals The female athlete triad: a current concepts review

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
CA George ◽  
JP Leonard ◽  
MR Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Menstrual Function ◽  
Positive Effects

Female athletic participation continues to grow throughout the world. This has many positive effects on health and well-being, but it has also led to a unique set of health problems. The female athlete triad was first described in 1992 by the American College of Sports Medicine, consisting of disordered eating, amenorrhoea and osteoporosis. An updated position stand was released in 2007 that modified the components of the triad to energy availability, menstrual function and bone mineral density. This article reviews the current definitions of the triad components, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. Each of the components of the triad exists on a continuum from healthy to pathological. Low energy availability, from either dietary restriction or increased expenditure, is the factor that leads to the pathological states of menstrual function and bone mineral density. Athletes especially at risk are those in sports requiring leanness or low body weight. Prevention and early recognition of triad disorders is crucial to ensure timely intervention and treatment. Treatment is centered on restoring energy availability to adequate levels (30 kcal.kg-1.d-1) to re-establish normal metabolic functioning. All those who work with female athletes must remain vigilant in the education, recognition and treatment of athletes at risk. Continued research and knowledge of the triad disorders aids the development of prevention and treatment strategies to allow women to continue to enjoy the benefits of regular exercise and physical activity throughout their lives.

scholarly journals Bone mineral density, rib pain and other features of the female athlete triad in elite lightweight rowers

BMJ Open ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. e004369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lygeri Dimitriou ◽  
Richard Weiler ◽  
Rebecca Lloyd-Smith ◽  
Antony Turner ◽  
Luke Heath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Mineral Density

The Female Athlete Triad

2018 ◽  
pp. 288-301
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Carlson ◽  
Katherine B. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Disordered Eating ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Menstrual Dysfunction ◽  
Bone Acquisition ◽  
Low Energy Availability

In 2007, the female athlete triad was redefined to include (1) low energy availability with or without disordered eating; (2) menstrual dysfunction; and (3) decreased bone mineral density. Components of the triad are common during adolescence, a critical period for bone acquisition and growth, but the prevalence varies among athlete populations based on several factors. Screening for the triad should be a routine part of the preparticipation physical examination of adolescent athletes, and new recommendations exist for the screening and management of athletes at risk for complications from the triad. Awareness and education are critical for prevention and early intervention.

Bone Mineral Density And Aspects Of The Female Athlete Triad In Elite Endurance Runners

2010 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 318-319
Author(s):  
Noel Pollock ◽  
Claire Grogan ◽  
Mark Perry ◽  
Charles Pedlar ◽  
Karl Cooke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Endurance Runners

Low Energy Availability, Menstrual Dysfunction, and Low Bone Mineral Density in Individuals with a Disability: Implications for the Para Athlete Population

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (9) ◽  
pp. 1697-1708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheri A. Blauwet ◽  
Emily M. Brook ◽  
Adam S. Tenforde ◽  
Elizabeth Broad ◽  
Caroline H. Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Menstrual Dysfunction ◽  
Low Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Low Energy Availability

Does Bone Mineral Density and Knowledge Influence Health-Related Behaviors of Elderly Men at Risk for Osteoporosis?

2003 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avni Patel ◽  
Penelope S. Coates ◽  
Joel B. Nelson ◽  
Donald L. Trump ◽  
Neil M. Resnick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Elderly Men ◽  
Health Related Behaviors ◽  
Health Related

Accelerated Aging: The Role of Socioeconomic, Social, Demographic, and Biological Factors on Bone Mineral Density

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 443-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Gough ◽  
Kanya Godde
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Accelerated Aging ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Biological Variables ◽  
Social Demographic

We investigate socioeconomic, social, demographic, and biological variables that are associated with chronic stress in the body to assess whether they have an effect on bone mineral density (BMD) as an indicator of accelerated aging. Multiple regression models were derived from data in the Midlife in the United States: A National Longitudinal Study of Health and Well-Being, Waves 1 (1995–1996) and 2 (2004–2006). Three BMD variables were used as outcomes: femoral, femoral neck, and spine T scores. The sample included 333 men and women aged 34–80. Poverty and C-reactive protein were related to BMD for spine T scores, partially consistent with hypotheses. But, marital status, perceived support of a partner, and education were not associated. Friend strain was discovered to have a relationship with BMD. More variables, and from a broader context, need to be examined together to understand what affects reduced BMD, given the high costs of accelerated aging.

Effects of vitamin D and estrogen receptor polymorphisms on bone mineral density in adolescents with anorexia nervosa

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (12) ◽  
pp. 1377-1384
Author(s):  
Işıl İnan-Erdoğan ◽  
Sinem Akgül ◽  
Kübra Işgın-Atıcı ◽  
Tuğba Tuğrul-Yücel ◽  
Koray Boduroğlu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Estrogen Receptor ◽  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Vdr Gene ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Positive Effect

Abstract Background Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious eating disorder that is associated with decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and greater lifetime risk for fractures. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between BMD and genetic polymorphisms in AN. Methods This case-control study analyzed vitamin D receptor (VDR) (VDRBsml, VDRFokl) and estrogen receptor (ESR) (ESR1Xbal, ESR1Pvull) polymorphisms in 45 adolescents diagnosed with AN and 46 age-matched healthy controls. BMD values of the AN group were classified as low or normal, and polymorphisms were compared between cases and controls. The effects of body mass index (BMI), duration of disease and amenorrhea on BMD were also evaluated. Results In girls with AN, a positive effect of the bb genotype of VDRBsmI polymorphism on femur Z-scores (p = 0.103) and of the Ff genotype of VDRFokI polymorphism on vertebra Z-scores (p = 0.097) was observed. In boys with AN, a positive effect of the Ff genotype of VDRFokI polymorphism on vertebra BMD (g/cm2) was detected (p = 0.061). No association was detected between ESR polymorphisms. An inverse relationship was observed between BMD and duration of illness and amenorrhea. A direct relationship was detected between BMD and BMI. Conclusions Specific VDR gene polymorphism genotypes may have positive effects on BMD in patients with AN. Additionally, the lack of association between ESR gene polymorphisms on BMD could be attributed to the low estrogen status of the patient.

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