scholarly journals Entomopathogenic nematodes: can we use the current knowledge on belowground multitrophic interactions in future plant protection programmes? – Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 242-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anamarija Jagodič ◽  
Stanislav Trdan ◽  
Žiga Laznik
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Multitrophic Interactions ◽  
Herbivore Attack ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Chemical Stimuli

Plants under herbivore attack emit mixtures of volatiles that can attract the natural enemies of the herbivores. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are organisms that can be used in the biological control of insect pests. Recent studies have shown that the movement of EPNs is associated with the detection of chemical stimuli from the environment. To date, several compounds that are responsible for the mediation in below ground multitrophic interactions have been identified. In the review, we discuss the use of EPNs in agriculture, the role of belowground volatiles and their use in plant protection programmes.

scholarly journals Biology and Use of Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Insect Pests Biocontrol, A Generic View

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 85-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Mahmoud
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Standard Equipment ◽  
Environmentally Safe

AbstractThe development of resistance to synthetic insecticides is one of the driving forces for changes in insect pest management. Governments regulatory bodies are in favour of environmentally safe chemicals with low toxicity, short-term persistence, and limited effects on non-target organisms as predominantly requirements for pesticides registration. Biological control can be considered as a powerful tool and one of the most important alternative control measure providing environmentally safe and sustainable plant protection. The success of biological control will depend on understanding the adaptation and establishment of applied biological control agents in agricultural ecosystems. Microbial pathogens and arthropod biocontrol agents, entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) have been successfully used in agricultural systems. They are highly virulent, killing their hosts quickly and can be cultured easilyin vivoorin vitro.They are safe for non-target vertebrates and for the environment, and production costs have been significantly reduced in recent times as they are mass produced in liquid media. Moreover, no difficulties to apply EPNs as they are easily sprayed using standard equipment and can be combined with almost all chemical control compounds. EPNs are widely used to control economically important insect pests in different farming systems: from fruit orchards, cranberry bogs and turf grass to nurseries and greenhouses. The use of EPNs for biocontrol began only in early 1980s and involved a step-by-step scientific and technical development. Mass production of the nematodes played a key role in the commercially development of insect pests control with nematodes.

scholarly journals Hidden arsenal endosymbionts in arthropods their role and possible implications for biological control success

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 204-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.R. McNeill ◽  
N.K. Richards ◽  
J.A. White ◽  
A. Laugraud
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Important Pest ◽  
Clover Root ◽  
Bacterial Endosymbionts ◽  
Insect Biology

Bacterial endosymbionts are common among arthropods including many important pest and beneficial insect species These symbionts provide either an obligate function performing essential reproductive or nutritive roles or are facultative influencing the ecology and evolution of their hosts in ways that are likely to impact biological control This includes resistance against parasitoids and modification to parasitoid fecundity Recent research has shown that endosymbionts are associated with exotic weevil pests found in New Zealand pasture including the clover root weevil Sitona obsoletus (S lepidus) The role of endosymbionts in insect biology and impacts on biological control is reviewed For New Zealand plant protection scientists endosymbiont research capability will provide important insights into interactions among insect pests plant hosts and biological control agents which may provide management opportunities for existing and future pest incursions in New Zealand

scholarly journals Opportunities and challenges of entomopathogenic nematodes as biocontrol agents in their tripartite interactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarique H. Askary ◽  
Mahfouz M. M. Abd-Elgawad
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Biocontrol Agents ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Application Technology ◽  
Tripartite Interactions ◽  
Biological Control Of Insects

Abstract Background The complex including entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) of the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis and their mutualistic partner, i.e., Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus bacteria, respectively possesses many attributes of ideal biological control agents against numerous insect pests as a third partner. Despite authenic opportunities for their practical use as biocontrol agents globally, they are challenged by major impediments especially their cost and reliability. Main body This review article presents major attributes of EPNs to familiarize growers and stakeholders with their careful application. As relatively high EPN costs and frequently low efficacy are still hindering them from reaching broader biopesticide markets, this is to review the latest findings on EPN strain/species enhancement, improvement of production, formulation and application technology, and achieving biological control of insects from the standpoint of facing these challenges. The conditions and practices that affected the use of EPNs for integrated pest management (IPM) are identified. Besides, efforts have been made to address such practices in various ways that grasp their effective approaches, identify research priority areas, and allow refined techniques. Additionally, sampling factors responsible for obtaining more EPN isolates with differential pathogenicity and better adaptation to control specific pest(s) are discussed. Conclusion Specific improvements of EPN production, formulation, and application technology are reviewed which may help in their broader use. Other diverse factors that optimize EPNs to constitute a cost-effective, value-added approach to IPM are also demonstrated.

scholarly journals Prospects and Present Status and of Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) in Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Arvind Kumar Keshari ◽  
B.K.C. Hari ◽  
Aashaq Hussain Bhat ◽  
M.M. Shah
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Biotic Factor ◽  
Pest Suppression ◽  
Agricultural Areas ◽  
Mutualistic Association

Naturally occurring entomopathogenic nematodes(EPN) and their symbiotic bacteria are important biotic factor in suppression of insect pest populations in soil and cryptic habitats. These nematodes can control pests due to their mutualistic association with bacteria that kill the hosts by septicemia and make the environment favorable for EPN development and reproduction.The virulent species of EPN can commercially be mass produced as biological control agents all over the world. Nepal  has a great potential to exploit these beneficial nematodes for the control of insect pests. Exploration of indigenous EPN is receiving attention around th eworld. Numerous surveys conducted worldwide have detected many indigenous isolates. Altogether 115 species of EPN (97 of Steinernema and 18 of Heterorhabdits species) have been reported so far worldwide. However, very limited research on EPN in Nepal has been done with 29 species only with some new species. Hence,the isolation and description of the native efficacious species and populationsof EPN is the need of the hour,not only from a biodiversity view point but also from an environmental and biological control perspective.Thei dentification of EPNs, adapted to environmental and climatic conditions of cultivated areas, is important for sustainable pest suppression in integrated management programs in agricultural areas of Nepal. This article provides an overview of recent development on EPN research and evaluates their potential for use and exploitation in Nepal.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES, STEINERNEMA SPP, IN THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF AGROTIS IPSILON (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 281-289
Author(s):  
S.A. Ibrahim ◽  
H.M. Mahfouz ◽  
Mahasen M. Elshershaby ◽  
Mona A. Hussein ◽  
A.A. Dawod
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Agrotis Ipsilon ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

scholarly journals Host Adaptation in Entomopathogenic Nematodes: An Approach to Enhancing Biological Control Potential

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Itamar Glazer ◽  
Randy Gaugler ◽  
Yitzhak Spiegel ◽  
Edwin Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Lectin Binding ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Foraging Strategies ◽  
Host Recognition ◽  
Field Activity ◽  
Biological Control Potential ◽  
The Common

The overall objective of our research was to develop methods to match species of entomopathogenic nematodes against the insect pests which they would be best adapted to control. The underlying hypothesis for this work was that entomopathogenic nematodes should be most effective when used against insect species to which they are naturally adapted to parasitize. Toward this end, we undertook a number of related studies focusing primarily on nematode foraging strategies. We found that foraging strategies affected host associations directly and indirectly. Nematodes' responses to host cues, and the role of their sensory organs based on lectin binding, led to new approaches to determining host range for these parasites. Based on this work, we developed a laboratory bioassay of host recognition behavior designed to predict field results. We also determined that nematodes that forage in a stationary manner (ambushers) have a slower metabolic rate than do active forgers (cruisers), thus their infective stage juveniles are longer lived. This study helps predict the duration of field activity after application and may partially explain field distributions of natural populations of entomopathogenic nematodes. The common thread linking all of these studies was that they led to a deeper understanding of the associations between entomopathogenic nematodes and insects as hosts.

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